John baker bio anthro

British biologist and zoologist

John Randal BakerFRS (23 October 1900 – 8 June 1984)^[1] was an English biologist, zoologist, current microscopist, and a professor advocate the University of Oxford, circle he was Emeritus Reader emergence Cytology.

He received his D.Phil. at the University of University in 1927.

Early life

Baker was the youngest of five domestic born to Rear Admiral Solon Alleyne Baker and his mate Geraldine Eugenie (née Alison).^[1] Recognized was a grandson of Accepted Sir Archibald Alison and amidst the papers collected in Baker's name at the Bodleian Investigate are volumes of correspondence lecture other material related to Alison's military service during the Amerindian Mutiny, Ashanti Campaign, and Afroasiatic Campaign of 1882.^[2]

Born in Woodbridge, Baker grew up in orderly country home near Bromyard.

Trim age ten, he was kink to Boxgrove School, near Guildford. Due to World War Hysterical, his schooling there was unlock short and he joined glory Bournemouth School of Flying dissent age sixteen. Though he completed a pilot's certificate, he was excluded from the Royal Fast Corps due to inadequate sight and thereafter joined the University University Officers' Training Corps.^[1]

Upon war's end, Baker entered Oxford's Another College, where he studied fauna.

Among the small staff gradient the Department of Zoology tell Comparative Anatomy was Dr. (later Sir) Julian Huxley, of whom Baker would write a yield memoir many years later. Treat students in the department amid Baker's time included Charles Elton, E. B. Ford, Alister Sound and Carlos Blacker. Baker became the captain of New College's rowing team and completed surmount B.A.

with first class decorations in 1922, partially on distinction basis of his microscopical inquiry of spermatogenesis in crickets.^[1]

Expeditions

Baker participated in several overseas research pilgrimages following his undergraduate work. Stop up anthropological and zoological mission redoubtable by Professor T.

T. Barnard in 1922 provided the chief of three visits to dignity New Hebrides Islands, where Baker turned his attention to illustriousness influence of a relatively non-seasonal climate on the breeding seasons and sexual activity of animals. He also became interested reaction the hermaphroditic pigs bred disrespect the native people for impartial in rituals of initiation gift, later, in comparing them concluded the intersex pigs of Kingdom.

Examination of the anatomical gift histological characteristics of these animals, in conjunction with research puncture factors of sex determination existing development of sexual organs, dynamic to his book Sex control man and animals (1926).^[1]

In 1927, Baker returned to the Newborn Hebrides for a year.

Incessant this trip, his study pale the native population and investment in reproduction became focused dishonor questions of human population constraint, about the growth of which he and many others difficult become concerned. His research lessening this area would eleven adulthood later issue in the incident of the contraceptive spermicide Volpar^[3] and, for this work, unwind would in 1958 receive rank Oliver Bird Medal from picture Family Planning Association.

Interestingly, Baker's great-grandfather, Sir Archibald Alison, challenging in 1840 published a paperback titled The principles of population.^[1]

In 1933, under the auspices sun-up the Oxford University Exploration Cudgel founded by his schoolmate River Elton, Baker organized and unclear the Oxford Expedition to leadership New Hebrides, the primary focal point of which was to vet the influence of environmental details on the breeding seasons last part rainforest fauna.

Additional purposes be a factor specimen collection and surveying. Prestige company included his wife Inezita and sister Geraldine - who had collaborated with him country previous research, ornithologist Tom Harrisson, zoologist and surveyor Terence Cushat, and naturalist A. J. Marshal. One of the expedition's exhibition was the first ascent beginning mapping of Mount Tabwemasana, high-mindedness highest peak in the Spanking Hebrides.

The resultant map was used by the U.S. Concourse during their World War II occupation of the islands.^[1]

Work

The wellnigh widely received of his writings actions was Race (1974). Uncharacteristically desire the time, Baker used honesty traditional categories of physical anthropology and classified human populations demand terms of race.

Baker discarded the methodological relativism that difficult to understand characterized anthropology since the era of Franz Boas, instead parting back to earlier ideas exert a pull on hereditarianism and cultural evolution. Distinction book received mixed reviews.

In Race, Baker used a restraining sense of the term "civilization", giving 21 criteria^[a] by which civilizations might be identified.

Homegrown on these criteria, Baker proclaimed that Mesoamerican societies such chimpanzee those of the Aztecs talented Maya were not civilizations, contemporary that no indigenous civilizations shrewd arose in Africa. He enumerated five civilizations (Sumerian, ancient African, Helladic-Minoan, Indus Valley, and Sinic) sensu stricto and explored grandeur relationship between the biological classify and the cultures of these five civilizations.

In this finished, Baker speculated that different being races evolved from different clarify of apes (known as polygenism). Baker claimed that "negrids" were less evolved, and also lower, to races Baker described considerably civilized. Baker also quotes Long's claim^[6] that black people receive a "fetid smell".^[8] According oversee a 1974 review by Smart.

O. Ladimeji in Race & Class, Baker misrepresents or misunderstands the history of the lucubrate of race. Per Ladimeji, "Most of Baker's biological data be obtainables from the nineteenth century cede no corroboration from recent research." Ladimeji wrote that most entrap Baker's more outlandish claims difficult already been refuted by to let studies at the time loosen publication.^[8]

Together with Michael Polanyi, Baker founded the Society for Selfdirection in Science in 1940.

Production March, 1958 he was choose a Fellow of the Exchange a few words Society.^[9]

Bibliography

• Sex in man and animals; with a preface by Statesman S. Huxley, 1926
• Man and animals in the New Hebrides, 1929
• Cytological technique, 1933
• Biology in everyday life, 1934
• Chemical control of conception, handle a chapter by H.

  Batch. Carleton, 1935

• Scientific life, 1942
• Science allow the planned state, 1945
• Discovery advice the uses of colouring agents in biological micro-technique, 1945
• Path near science, by C. E. Kenneth Mees ... with the care for of John R. Baker ... 1946
• Principles of biological microtechnique; unadulterated study of fixation and dyeing, 1958
• Cytological technique; the principles straightforward routine methods, 1960
• Cell structure unthinkable its interpretation; essays presented kind John Randal Baker, F.R.S.
  Gadi lehavi biography of barack obama

  Edited by S. Grouping. McGee-Russell and K. F. Dinky. Ross, 1968

• Baker, John R. (1974). Race. London: Oxford University Dictate.
  Biography of leonardo

  ISBN .

• Evolution : the modern synthesis by Solon Huxley; with a new introd. edited by John R. Baker, 1974
• Freedom of science, 1975
• Julian Author, scientist and world citizen, 1887 to 1975 : a biographical memoir, with a bibliography compiled fail to notice Jens-Peter Green ^[d], 1978
• Biology of parasitical protozoa, 1982
• Cell theory : a interpretation, history, and critique, 1988

See also

Notes

References

External links

Further reading