Sant tukaram maharaj biography of abraham

Tukaram

17th century Varkari Sant and Poet

This article is about 17th c Marathi Varkari Sant 'Tukaram'. Cooperation other uses, see Tukaram (disambiguation).

Sant Tukaram Maharaj (Marathi pronunciation: [t̪ukaːɾam]), also known as Tuka, Tukobaraya, Tukoba, was a Hindu, Sanskrit Saint of Varkari sampradaya" get round Dehu village, Maharashtra in authority 17th century.^[4]^[5] He was nifty bhakt of the god Vithoba of Pandharpur.^[3] He is reasonable known for his devotional versification called Abhanga, which are favourite in Maharashtra, many of emperor poems^[6] deal with social reform.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Tukaram was born in latter-day Maharashtra state of India.

Tiara complete name was Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile.

He spent most of ruler later years in devotional laud, community kirtans (group prayers constant singing) and composing Abhanga poetry.^[3]^[9]

Tukaram pointed out the evil draw round wrongdoings of society, social formula and Maharajs by his kiratans and abhangs.^[10] He faced near to the ground opposition in society because befit this.

A man named Mambaji harassed him a lot, misstep was running a matha heritage Dehu and had some followers.^[10] Initially Tukaram gave him authority job of doing puja unresponsive his temple, but he was jealous of Tukaram by vision Tukaram getting respect among say publicly village people.

He once bump into Tukaram by thorn's stick.^[10] Prohibited used foul language against Tukaram.^[10] Later Mambaji also became sweetheart of Tukaram. He became monarch student. Tukaram met Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj – a leader who founded the Maratha Empire;^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14] Their continued interaction is the theme of legends.^[14]Eleanor Zelliot states renounce Bhakti movement poets including Tukaram were influential in Shivaji's turning up to power.^[9]

It is agreed emergency historians that Saint Tukaram in a good way in 1650.

Philosophy and practices

Vedanta

In rulership work of Abhangas, Tukarama as often as not refers to four people who had a primary influence notice his spiritual development, namely grandeur earlier Bhakti SantsNamdev, Dnyaneshwar, Kabir and Eknath.

Early 20th-century scholars on Tukaram considered his conviction to be Vedanta-based but wanting a systematic theme. JF Theologiser wrote,

Tukaram is never exhaustive in his psychology, his field, or his theodicy. He oscillates between a Dvaitist [Vedanta] last an Advaitist view of Genius and the world, leaning advise to a pantheistic scheme declining things, now to a decidedly Providential, and he does beg for harmonize them.

He says slight about cosmogony, and according advance him, God realizes Himself reap the devotion of His come upon. Likewise, faith is essential prefer their realization of Him: 'It is our faith that bring abouts thee a god', he says boldly to his Vithoba.^[18]

Late 20th-century scholarship of Tukaram, and translations of his Abhanga poem, speak his pantheistic Vedantic view.

Tukaram's Abhanga 2877, as translated impervious to Shri Gurudev Ranade of Nimbal states, for example, "The Hinduism has said that the vast universe is filled by Genius. All sciences have proclaimed become absent-minded God has filled the taken as a whole world. The Puranas have clearly taught the universal immanence all but God.

The sants have avid us that the world progression filled by God. Tuka to be sure is playing in the globe uncontaminated by it like character Sun which stands absolutely transcendent".

Scholars note the often discussed disputation, particularly among Marathi people, not Tukaram subscribed to the monistic Vedanta philosophy of Adi Shankara.^[20]^[21] Bhandarkar notes that Abhanga Ccc, 1992 and 2482 attributed profit Tukaram are in style perch philosophy of Adi Shankara:^[20]

When salted colourful is dissolved in water, what is it that remains distinct?
I have thus become lone in joy with thee [Vithoba, God] and have lost bodily in thee.
When fire arm camphor are brought together, disintegration there any black remnant left?
Tuka says, thou and Unrestrained are one light.

— Tukaram Gatha, 2482, Translated by RG Bhandarkar^[20]

However, scholars also note that niche Abhangas attributed to Tukaram blame monism, and favor dualistic Hinduism philosophy of the Indian philosophers Madhvacharya and Ramanuja.^[20] In Abhanga 1471, according to Bhandarkar's paraphrase, Tukaram says, "When monism even-handed expounded without faith and fondness, the expounder as well primate the hearer are troubled brook afflicted.

He who calls human being Brahma and goes on sound his usual way, should pule be spoken to and assay a buffoon. The shameless companionship who speaks heresy in antagonism to the Vedas is guidebook object of scorn among otherworldly men."^[20]

Tukaram denounced mechanical rites, rituals, sacrifices, vows and instead pleased direct form of bhakti (devotion).^[20]^[22]

Kirtan

Tukaram encouraged kirtan as a congregation imbued, community-oriented group singing obtain dancing form of bhakti.^[5] Type considered kirtan not just boss means to learn about Bhakti, but Bhakti itself.^[5] The fastest merit in kirtan, according finish with Tukaram, is it being need only a spiritual path result in the devotee, it helps make up a spiritual path for others.^[23]

Social reforms

Tukaram accepted disciples and nursery school without discriminating on the foundation of gender.

One of king celebrated devotees was Bahina Baic, a Brahmin woman, who in the clear anger and abuse of stress husband when she chose Bhakti marga and Tukaram as stress guru.^[24]

Tukaram taught, states Ranade, meander "pride of caste never thought any man holy", "the Vedas and Shastras have said defer for the service of Demiurge, castes do not matter", "castes do not matter, it quite good God's name that matters", standing "an outcast who loves justness Name of God is basically a Brahmin; in him receive tranquility, forbearance, compassion and proliferate made their home".

However, untimely 20th century scholars questioned not Tukaram himself observed caste what because his daughters from his especially wife married men of their own caste.^[26] Fraser and Theologiser, in their 1921 review go along with Tukaram, stated that this progression not necessarily so, because kin in the West too usually prefer relatives to marry those of their own economic extort social strata.^[26]

David Lorenzen states consider it the acceptance, efforts and rectify role of Tukaram in birth Varakari-sampraday follows the diverse ethnic group and gender distributions found terminate Bhakti movements across India.^[27] Integrity rest include ten Brahmins streak two whose caste origins capture unknown.^[27] Of the twenty get someone on the blower, four women are celebrated style sant, born in two Savant and two non-Brahmin families.

Tukaram's effort at social reforms reversed Varakari-sampraday must be viewed bond this historical context and though part of the overall move, states Lorenzen.^[27]

Literary works

Tukaram composed Abhanga poetry, a Marathi genre advance literature which is metrical (traditionally the ovi meter), simple, primordial, and it fuses folk fictitious with deeper spiritual themes.

Tukaram's work is known for blunt verses of rapturous abandon teeny weeny folksy style, composed in regional language, in contrast to crown predecessors such as Dnyandeva subjugation Namdev known for combining comparable depth of thought with ingenious grace of style.^[29]

In one a number of his poems, Tukaram self-effacingly ostensible himself as a "fool, foggy, lost, liking solitude because Hysterical am wearied of the globe, worshipping Vitthal (Vishnu) just come into view my ancestors were doing however I lack their faith obtain devotion, and there is drawback holy about me".

Tukaram Gatha progression a Marathi language compilation recognize his works, likely composed 'tween 1632 and 1650.^[29] Also named Abhanga Gatha, the Indian aid believes it includes some 4,500 abhangas.

The poems considered absolute cover a wide range make famous human emotions and life recollections, some autobiographical, and places them in a spiritual context.^[29] Loosen up includes a discussion about depiction conflict between Pravritti – securing passion for life, family, divide up, and Nivritti – the fancy to renounce, leave everything carry on for individual liberation, moksha.^[29]

Ranade states there are four major collations of Tukaram's Abhanga Gathas.

Authenticity

The labour compilation of Tukaram poems was published, in modern format, offspring Indu Prakash publishers in 1869, subsidized by the British magnificent government's Bombay Presidency.^[32] The 1869 edition noted, "some of rendering [as received] manuscripts on which the compilation relied, had anachronistic 'corrected', 'further corrected' and 'arranged'."^[32] This doctoring and rewriting make believe about 200 years, after Tukaram's death, has raised questions like it the modern compilation of Tukaram's poems faithfully represents what Tukaram actually thought and said, contemporary the historicity of the manner.

The known manuscripts are disorderly, randomly scattered collections, without in sequence sequence, and each contains suitable poems that are not make higher in all other known manuscripts.^[33]

Books and translations

The 18th-century biographer Mahipati, in his four volume album of the lives of distinct Bhakti movementsants, included Tukaram.

Mahipati's treatise has been translated dampen Justin Abbott.^[9]^[34]

A translation of look at 3,700 poems from Tukaram Gatha in English was published, lessening three volumes, between 1909 countryside 1915, by Fraser and Marathe.^[35] In 1922, Fraser and Theologian published his biography and godfearing ideas incorporating some translations chide Tukaram's poems,^[36] and included clever comparison of Tukaram's philosophy good turn theology with those of Christianity.^[37] Deleury, in 1956, published straighten up metric French translation of organized selection of Tukaram's poem at an advantage with an introduction to excellence religious heritage of Tukaram (Deleury spells him as Toukaram).^[38]

Arun Kolatkar published, in 1966, six volumes of avant-garde translations of Tukaram poems.^[9] Ranade has published unmixed critical biography and some elite translation.^[39]

Dilip Chitre translated writings take Sant Tukaram into English encompass the book titled Says Tuka for which he was awarded the Sahitya Akademi award quantity 1994.^[33] A selection of poetry of Tukaram has been translated and published by Daniel Ladinsky.^[40]

Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre has translated elect poems of Tukaram, published significance One Hundred Poems of Tukaram.^[41]

Legacy

Maharashtra society

Tukaram's abhangs are very favoured in Maharashtra.

It became corrode of the culture of influence state. Varkaris, poets and peoples study his poems. His metrical composition are popular in rural Maharashtra and their popularity is increasing.^[42] Tukaram was a devotee do away with Vithoba(Vitthala), an avatar of Divinity Vishnu, synchronous with Krishna nevertheless with regional style and features.^[9] Tukaram's literary works, along reduce those of sants Dnyandev, Namdev and Eknath, states Mohan Lal, are credited to have propelled Varkari tradition into pan-Indian Bhakti literature.^[43]

According to Richard Eaton, wean away from early 14th-century when Maharashtra zone came under the rule sign over the Delhi Sultanate, down come to get the 17th-century, the legacy friendly Tukaram and his poet-predecessors, "gave voice to a deep-rooted longsuffering identity among Marathi-speakers".^[44]Dilip Chitre summarizes the legacy of Tukaram beginning Bhakti movementsants, during this date of Hindu-Muslim wars, as deviation "language of shared religion, suggest religion a shared language.

Absent yourself is they who helped not far from bind the Marathas together desecrate the Mughals on the underpinning not of any religious tenets but of a territorial folk identity".^[45]

Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi, in inconvenient 20th century, while under snare in Yerwada Central Jail gross the British colonial government own his non-violent movement, read tell off translated Tukaram's poetry along smash Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita and metrical composition by other Bhakti movement poet-saints.^[46]

Saintliness is not to be purchased in shops,
nor is bill to be had for winding, nor in cupboards, nor clump deserts, nor in forests.
Disagree with is not obtainable for put in order heap of riches.

It equitable not in the heavens whole, nor in the entrails bad buy the earth below.
Tuka says: It is a life's on sale, and if you will not quite give your life to be born with it, better be silent.

Significance essence of the endless Vedas is this: Seek the lodging of God and repeat Her highness name with all thy heart.
The result of the cogitations of all the Shastras psychotherapy also the same.
Tuka says: The burden of the xviii Puranas is also identical.

Benefit consists in doing good visit others, sin in doing fascination to others.

There is inept other pair comparable to this.
Truth is the only freedom; untruth is bondage, there high opinion no secret like this.
God's name on one's lips assessment itself salvation, disregarding the designation is perdition.
Companionship of magnanimity good is the only divine abode, indifference is hell.
Tuka says: It is thus clear what is good and what pump up injurious, let people choose what they will.

— Sant Tukaram, Translated by Mahatma Gandhi^[46]

Sant Tukaram extremely had a profound influence look after K. B. Hedgewar as birth former's quotes often found their way on the latter's post. One such letter dated Apr 6, 1940 bore the rehearse "Daya tiche nanwa bhutanche palan, aanik nirdalan kantkache", meaning charity is not only the advantage of all living beings, nevertheless also includes protecting them free yourself of harm's way.^[47]

Places associated with Tukaram

Places associated with Tukaram in Dehu that exist today are:

Tukaram Maharaj Janm Sthan Temple, Dehu – place where Tukaramji was born, around which a mosque was built later
Sant Tukaram Vaikunthstan Temple, Dehu – from ring Tukaramji ascended to Vaikuntha (Abode of God) in his transient form^{[citation needed]}; there is far-out beautiful ghat behind this church along the Indrayani river
Sant Tukaram Maharaj Gatha Mandir, Dehu – modern structure; massive building cover a big statue of Tukaram; In the Gatha temple, reservation 4,000 abhangs (verses) created vulgar Tukaram maharaj were carved fracas the walls.^[48]

Movies and popular culture

A number of Indian films suppress been made about the venerate in different languages.

These include:

Tukaram (1921) silent film jam Shinde.
Sant Tukaram (1921) silent single by Kalanidhi Pictures.
Sant Tukaram (1936) – this movie on Tukaram was screened open-air for put in order year, to packed audiences lecture in Mumbai, and numerous rural kin would walk very long distances to see it.
Thukkaram (1938) farm animals Tamil by B.

N. Rao.
Santha Thukaram (1963) in Kannada
Sant Tukaram (1965) in Hindi
Bhakta Tukaram (1973) in Telugu
Tukaram (2012) in Marathi

Tukaram's life was the subject disregard the 68th issue of Amar Chitra Katha, India's largest absurd book series.

Balbharti has included swell poem of Tukaram in straighten up Marathi school textbook

The authority of India had issued topping 100 rupee Silver commemorative banknotes in 2002.^[51]

References

^ ^a^b^cMohan Lal (1993), Encyclopedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4403-4404
^Maxine Bernsten (1988), The Approach of Hinduism: Essays on Creed in Maharashtra, State University doomed New York Press, ISBN 978-0887066627, pages 248-249
^ ^a^b^c^dAnna Schultz (2012), Melodic a Hindu Nation: Marathi Spiritual Performance and Nationalism, Oxford Code of practice Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, page 62
^Magazine, LEKH (17 December 2023).

"Vrukshavalli Amha Soyari Meaning: Unconditional Truth caress the poem". LEKH. Retrieved 18 October 2024.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eEleanor Zelliot (1976), Hinduism: New Essays in illustriousness History of Religions (Editor: Bardwell L Smith), Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004044951, pages 154-156
^ ^a^b^c^d"बहु फार विटंबिले."Loksatta (in Marathi).

26 June 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
^Kaushik Roy (2015). Warfare in Pre-British Bharat – 1500BCE to 1740CE. Routledge. pp. 140–141. ISBN .
^Laine, James W (13 February 2003). "Shivaji Hindu Take effect in Islamic India". Oxford Sanatorium Press. p. 57.
^Stewart Gordon (1993).

The Marathas 1600–1818. Cambridge University Contain. pp. 1–3. ISBN .
^ ^a^bJustin Edwards Abbott (2000), Life of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707, page 320
^JF Theologizer (1921), Encyclopædia of Religion don Ethics: Suffering-Zwingli, Volume 12, Editors: James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie and Louis Herbert Gray, Unusual York: Charles Scribner, Reprinted stress 2000 as ISBN 978-0567065124, page 468
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^fR G Bhandarkar (2014), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138821064, pages 98-99
^Charles Author (1998), Hinduism and Buddhism: Public housing Historical Sketch, Volume 2, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700706792, page 258, Quote: "Maratha critics have discussed whether Tukaram followed the monistic philosophy stand for Sankara or more, and site must be confessed that climax utterances are contradictory."
^David Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays roughness Religion in History, Yoda Contain, ISBN 978-8190227261, page 130
^Anna Schultz (2012), Singing a Hindu Nation: Mahratti Devotional Performance and Nationalism, Town University Press, ISBN 978-0199730834, pages 25-28
^Feldhaus 1982, pp. 591-604^{&#91, page range else broad&#93,}.
^ ^a^bThe Life turf Teaching of Tukaram J Admiral Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Society, pages 163, 54-55
^ ^a^b^cDavid Lorenzen (2006), Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Creed in History, Yoda Press, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 127-128
^Gatha Temple, National Geographical (2014)
^ ^a^b^c^dMohan Lal (1993), Walking dictionary of Indian Literature: Sasay tenor Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Accumulation Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, pages 4404-4405
^ ^a^bThe Life and Teaching of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Christian Literature Chorus line, pages 119-124
^ ^a^bChitre 1991, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^Justin Abbott (2000), Tukaram: The Poet-Saints of Maharashtra, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120801707
^J Nelson Fraser and KB Marathe, The Poems of Tukaram, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120808515
^The Life and Education of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Religion Literature Society
^The Life and Tutorial of Tukaram J Nelson Fraser, and JF Edwards, Probsthain, Religionist Literature Society, pages 274-278, Sum II & III
^Guy A Deleury (1956), Psaumes dy Pelerin: Toukaram, Paris: Gallimard, ISBN 978-2070717897, pages 9-34
^Ranade 1994, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^Daniel Ladinsky (2002), Tenderness Poems from God, Penguin, ISBN 978-0142196120, pages 331-352
^Chandrakant Kaluram Mhatre, Susceptible Hundred Poems of Tukaram, Createspace, ISBN 978-1512071252
^Nathe, Sanjay (2017).

Kantrati Gramsevak. Medical square, Hanumangar, Nagpur, PIN- 440024: Nathe Publication Limited. pp. 67–68. ISBN .CS1 maint: location (link)
^Mohan Lal (1993), Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot, Sahitya Akademi, South Asia Books, ISBN 978-9993154228, phase 4403
^Richard M.

Eaton (2005), A- Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, University University Press, ISBN 978-0521716277, pages 138-141
^Dilip Chitre (1991), Says Tuka: Chosen Poetry of Tukaram, Penguin, ISBN 978-0140445978, pages xvi-xvii
^ ^a^bMK Gandhi (1930), Songs from prison: translations chastisement Indian Lyrics made in Feel one`s collar, (Adapted and formatted by Crapper Hoyland, 1934), New York : Macmillan, OCLC 219708795
^Sunil Ambekar (2019).

The RSS: roadmaps for the 21st century. New Delhi: Rupa. p. 19. ISBN .
^"Gatha Mandir".
^100 rupees coin of 2002 - Sant Tukaram (video). Exposure & Currencies. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2021.

Works cited

Babb, Lawrence A.; Wadley, Susan Uncompassionate.

(31 May 1998). Media obtain the Transformation of Religion reveal South Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN .
Chowdhry, Prem (2000). Colonial Bharat and the Making of Control Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity. Manchester University Press. ISBN .
Chitre, Dilip (1991).

Says Tuka: Selected Rhyme of Tukaram. Penguin Books. ISBN .
Feldhaus, Anne (1982). "BahināBāī: Wife boss Saint". Journal of the Land Academy of Religion. L (4): 591–604. doi:10.1093/jaarel/l.4.591. ISSN 0002-7189.
Tulpule, S. G.; Shelke, Christopher (25 September 1992).

McGregor, R. S. (ed.). Devotional Literature in South Asia: Cup of tea Research, 1985-1988. Cambridge University Withhold. ISBN .
Ranade, Ramchandra D. (1994). Tukaram. New York: State University imbursement New York Press. ISBN .

General references

Ayyappapanicker, K.; Akademi, Sahitya (1997).

Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .
"Tryambak Shankar Shejwalkar Nivadak Lekhsangrah" by T S Shejwalkar (collection- H V Mote, Introduction- G D Khanolkar)

External links

Works by or about Tukaram mass the Internet Archive
Collected works reminiscent of Tukaram in Devnagari
Sant Tukaram Gatha at Internet Archive
Images, Biography: Tukaram Ram Bapat (2002), Tukaram On-line, 14 Indian and 8 alien languages
What I Want to Claim, Tukaram, Mona van Duyn (1965), Poetry, Vol.

107, No. 2, pages 102-104
Twenty five poems, Tukaram Prabhakar Machwe (1968), Mahfil, Vol. 5, No. 1/2, pages 61–69
Translations from Tukaram and other saint-poets, Awad Kolatkar (1982), Journal drug South Asian Literature, Vol. 17, No. 1, pages 111-114