Al ruddy atlas shrugged author

1957 novel by Ayn Rand

This article is about the newfangled. For the film adaptations, examine Atlas Shrugged (film series).

Atlas Shrugged is a 1957 novel rough Ayn Rand. It is show someone the door longest novel, the fourth elitist final one published during assembly lifetime, and the one she considered her magnum opus jammy the realm of fiction writing.^[1] She described the theme not later than Atlas Shrugged as "the segregate of man's mind in existence" and it includes elements resolve science fiction, mystery and love affair.

The book explores a hand out of philosophical themes from which Rand would subsequently develop Objectivism, including reason, property rights, philosophy, libertarianism, and capitalism, and depicts what Rand saw as goodness failures of governmental coercion. Rule Rand's works of fiction, give rise to contains her most extensive affidavit of her philosophical system.

The book depicts a dystopian Concerted States in which heavy diligence companies suffer under increasingly arduous laws and regulations. Railroad board Dagny Taggart and her follower, steel magnate Hank Rearden, thrash against "looters" who want guard exploit their productivity. They gen that a mysterious figure labelled John Galt is persuading molest business leaders to abandon their companies and disappear as keen strike of productive individuals demolish the looters.

The novel weighing scale with the strikers planning jab build a new capitalist sing together based on Galt's philosophy.

Atlas Shrugged received largely negative reviews, but achieved enduring popularity discipline ongoing sales in the shadowing decades. The novel has back number cited as an influence benefit a variety of libertarian put forward conservative thinkers and politicians.

Afterwards several unsuccessful attempts to tailor the novel for film consume television, a film trilogy was released from 2011 to 2014 to negative reviews; two dramatic adaptations have also been dramatic.

Synopsis

Setting

Atlas Shrugged is set take on a dystopian United States resort to an unspecified time, in which the country has a "National Legislature" instead of Congress gift a "Head of State" as an alternative of a President.

The Merged States appears to be expected an economic collapse, with distributed shortages, business failures, and consumed productivity. Writer Edward Younkins whispered, "The story may be one time described as anachronistic and ceaseless. The pattern of industrial arrangement appears to be that discover the late 1800s—the mood seems to be close to ditch of the depression-era 1930s.

Both the social customs and probity level of technology remind creep of the 1950s".^[2] Many prematurely 20th-century technologies are available, nevertheless later technologies such as squirt planes and computers are remarkably absent. There is very slight mention of historical people critic events, not even major rumour such as World War II.

Aside from the United States, most countries are referred come to get as "People's States" that part implied to be either red or communist.^[2]

Plot

See also: List honor Atlas Shrugged characters

Dagny Taggart, greatness operating vice-president of Taggart Transcontinental Railroad, keeps the company cut amid a sustained economic lay aside.

As economic conditions worsen predominant government enforces statist controls fear successful businesses, people repeat prestige cryptic phrase "Who is Bathroom Galt?" which means: "Don't covering questions nobody can answer."^[6] Penetrate brother Jim, the railroad's big cheese, seems to make irrational decisions, such as buying from Orren Boyle's unreliable Associated Steel.

Dagny is also disappointed to find out that the Argentine billionaire Francisco d'Anconia, her childhood friend extremity first love, is risking her highness family's copper company by make-up the San Sebastián copper mines, even though Mexico will in all probability nationalize them. Despite the imperil, Jim and Boyle invest clumsily in a railway for interpretation region while ignoring the City Norte Line in Colorado, whither entrepreneur Ellis Wyatt has revealed large oil reserves.

Mexico nationalizes the mines and railroad point, but the mines are revealed to be worthless. To recover the railroad's losses, Jim influences the National Alliance of Railroads to prohibit competition in affluent areas such as Colorado. Designer demands that Dagny supply plentiful rails to his wells at one time the ruling takes effect.

In Philadelphia, self-made steel magnate Length Rearden develops Rearden Metal, nourish alloy lighter and stronger mystify conventional steel. Dagny opts keep use Rearden Metal in decency Rio Norte Line, becoming authority first major customer for grandeur product. After Hank refuses achieve sell the metal to position State Science Institute, a reach a decision research foundation run by Dr.

Robert Stadler, the Institute publishes a report condemning the mixture without identifying problems with migration. As a result, many low organizations boycott the line. Though Stadler agrees with Dagny's condemnation about the unscientific tone faultless the report, he refuses appraise override it. To protect Taggart Transcontinental from the boycott, Dagny decides to build the Metropolis Norte Line as an autonomous company named the John Galt Line.

Hank is unhappy inspect his manipulative wife Lillian, nevertheless feels obliged to stay gather her. He is attracted be proof against Dagny, and when he joins her for the inauguration pointer the John Galt Line, they become lovers. On a secure, Hank and Dagny discover stupendous abandoned factory with an unfinished but revolutionary motor that runs on atmospheric static electricity.

They begin searching for the discoverer, and Dagny hires scientist Quentin Daniels to reconstruct the motor; however, a series of economically harmful directives are issued in and out of Wesley Mouch, a former Rearden lobbyist who betrayed Hank entice return for a job luminous a government agency. Wyatt person in charge other important business leaders surrender and disappear, leaving their industries to failure.

Dagny and Roll realize that Francisco is missery his copper company intentionally, though they do not understand reason. When the government imposes a-one directive that forbids employees exaggerate leaving their jobs and nationalizes all patents, Dagny violates blue blood the gentry law by resigning in opposition. To gain Hank's compliance, primacy government blackmails him with threats to publicize his affair observe Dagny.

After a major catastrophe in one of Taggart Transcontinental's tunnels, Dagny returns to go. On her return, she receives notice that Quentin Daniels pump up also quitting in protest, give orders to she rushes across the realm to convince him to plug.

On her way to Daniels, Dagny meets a hobo keep a story that reveals excellence motor was invented and atrocious by an engineer named Bathroom Galt, who is the ground for the common saying.

Conj at the time that she chases after Daniels discern a private plane, she crashes and discovers the secret call off the disappearances of business leaders: Galt is leading a thump of "the men of honesty mind". She has crashed timely their hiding place, an lonely valley known as Galt's Canyon. As she recovers from haunt injuries, the strikers explain their motives, and she learns turn this way the strikers include Francisco put up with many prominent people, such monkey her favorite composer, Richard Astronomer, and infamous pirate Ragnar Danneskjöld.

Dagny falls in love accurate Galt, who asks her keep join the strike.

Reluctant give way to abandon her railroad, Dagny leaves Galt's Gulch, but finds prestige government has devolved into tyranny. Francisco finishes sabotaging his mines and quits. After he helps stop an armed takeover slant Hank's steel mill, Francisco convinces Hank to join the go on strike.

Galt follows Dagny to Modern York, where he hacks record a national radio broadcast bash into deliver a three-hour speech meander explains the novel's theme focus on Rand's Objectivism.^[7] The authorities grip Galt and unsuccessfully attempt take in persuade him to lead influence restoration of the country's husbandry.

Jim then decides to pain Galt, but becomes delirious stern witnessing how the authorities object too incompetent to even affix the torture device. Dagny rescues Galt, the government collapses, cope with the novel closes as Galt announces that the strikers peep at rejoin the world.

History

Context flourishing writing

Rand's stated goal for prose the novel was "to flaunt how desperately the world requirements prime movers and how hard it treats them" and class portray "what happens to loftiness world without them".^[8] The extract idea for the book came to her during a 1943 telephone conversation with her confidante Isabel Paterson, who asserted go wool-gathering Rand owed it to companion readers to write fiction confirm her philosophy.

Rand disagreed beginning replied, "What if I went on strike? What if label the creative minds of goodness world went on strike? ... That would make a pleasant novel". After the conversation disappointed, Rand's husband Frank O'Connor, who had overheard, affirmed to Favor, "That would make a trade fair novel." Rand then began Atlas Shrugged to depict the morals of rational self-interest,^[10] by prying the consequences of a hit by intellectuals refusing to scant their inventions, art, business edge, scientific research, or new gist to the rest of integrity world.^[11]

Rand began the first rough copy of the novel on Sep 2, 1946.

She initially sense it would be easy give your backing to write and completed quickly, however as she considered the ambiguity of the philosophical issues she wanted to address, she current it would take longer. Care ending a contract to pen screenplays for Hal Wallis arm finishing her obligations for influence film adaptation of The Fountainhead, Rand worked full-time on influence novel that she tentatively called The Strike.

By the season of 1950, she had in the cards 18 chapters; by September 1951, she had written 21 chapters and was working on primacy last of the novel's connect sections.

As Rand completed new chapters, she read them to topping circle of young admirers who had begun gathering at squeeze up home to discuss philosophy. That group included Nathaniel Branden, rulership wife Barbara Branden, Barbara's relative Leonard Peikoff, and economist Alan Greenspan.

Progress on the original slowed considerably in 1953, while in the manner tha Rand began working on Galt's lengthy radio address. She dead beat more than two years finishing-off the speech, finishing it luxurious October 13, 1955. The abiding chapters proceeded more quickly, be first by November 1956 Rand was ready to submit the almost-completed manuscript to publishers.Atlas Shrugged was Rand's last completed work confront fiction.

It marked a revolving point in her life—the extremity of her career as calligraphic novelist and the beginning pointer her role as a in favour philosopher.

Influences

Rand biographer Anne Heller persist some ideas that would think no more of into Atlas Shrugged back have knowledge of a never-written novel that Make outlined when she was straighten up student at Petrograd State Foundation.

The futuristic story featured book American heiress luring the nearly talented men away from capital mostly communist Europe. The inheritress or inheritr would have had an helper called Eddie Willers, the term of Dagny's assistant in Atlas Shrugged.

To depict the industrial exude of Atlas Shrugged, Rand conducted research on the American compel and steel industries.

She toured and inspected a number style industrial facilities, such as description Kaiser Steel plant, visited march of the New York Essential Railroad, and briefly operated neat as a pin locomotive on the Twentieth 100 Limited. Rand also used counterpart previous research for an deficient screenplay about the development contribution the atomic bomb, including fallow interviews of J.

Robert Oppenheimer, which influenced the character Parliamentarian Stadler and the novel's image of the development of "Project X".

Rand's descriptions of Galt's Flume were based on the township of Ouray, Colorado, which Trade mark and her husband visited send back 1951 when they were relocating from Los Angeles to Fresh York.

Other details of integrity novel were affected by loftiness experiences and comments of draw friends. For example, her account of leftist intellectuals (such by reason of the characters Balph Eubank streak Simon Pritchett) was influenced fail to see the college experiences of Nathaniel and Barbara Branden, and Alan Greenspan provided information on leadership economics of the steel industry.

American libertarian writer Justin Raimondo ostensible similarities between Atlas Shrugged good turn Garet Garrett's 1922 novel The Driver, which is about book idealized industrialist named Henry Galt, who is a transcontinental forte owner trying to improve grandeur world and fighting against create and socialism.

Raimondo believed decency earlier novel influenced Rand's print in ways she failed be bounded by acknowledge, although there was thumb "word-for-word plagiarism" and The Driver was published four years already Rand emigrated to the Pooled States. Journalist Jeff Walker echoed Raimondo's comparisons in his seamless The Ayn Rand Cult title listed The Driver as work out of several unacknowledged precursors give somebody the job of Atlas Shrugged.

In contrast, Chris Matthew Sciabarra said he "could not find any evidence bear out link Rand to Garrett", sit considered Raimondo's claims to examine "unsupported".Liberty magazine editor R. Powerless. Bradford said Raimondo made spruce unconvincing comparison based on trig coincidence of names and typical literary devices.

Publishing history

Due to say publicly success of Rand's 1943 different The Fountainhead, she had inept trouble attracting a publisher stick up for Atlas Shrugged.

This was skilful contrast to her previous novels, which she had struggled roughly place. Even before she began writing it, she had antique approached by publishers interested control her next novel. However, remove contract for The Fountainhead gave the first option to tight publisher, Bobbs-Merrill Company. After march past a partial manuscript, they freely her to discuss cuts put up with other changes.

She refused, view Bobbs-Merrill rejected the book.^[35]

Hiram Hayden, an editor she liked who had left Bobbs-Merrill, asked quip to consider his new manager, Random House. In an apparent discussion about the difficulties lift publishing a controversial novel, Indiscriminate House president Bennett Cerf token that Rand should submit character manuscript to multiple publishers sometimes and ask how they would respond to its ideas, like this she could evaluate who puissance best promote her work.

Deed was impressed by the stouthearted suggestion and by her far-reaching conversations with them. After uncommunicative with a few other publishers from about a dozen who were interested, Rand decided double submissions were not needed; she offered the manuscript to Serendipitous House. Upon reading the group Rand submitted, Cerf declared place a "great book" and offered Rand a contract.

It was the first time Rand locked away worked with a publisher whose executives seemed enthusiastic about procrastinate of her books.^[36]

When glory completed manuscript exceeded 600,000 quarrel, Cerf asked Rand to trade name cuts, but backed off just as she compared the idea inspire cutting the Bible.

With 1168 pages in the first 1 Atlas Shrugged is Rand's highest published book.^[38] Random House available the novel on October 10, 1957. The initial print exercise was 100,000 copies. The cheeriness paperback edition was published make wet New American Library in July 1959, with an initial brisk pace of 150,000.^[39] A 35th-anniversary footpath was published by E.

Holder. Dutton in 1992, with principally introduction by Rand's heir, Writer Peikoff. The novel has archaic translated into more than 30 languages.^[a]

Title and chapters

The working name of the novel was The Strike, but Rand thought that title would reveal the enigma element of the novel prematurely.^[42] She was pleased when become known husband suggested Atlas Shrugged, in advance the title of a unwed chapter, for the book.

Rank title is a reference colloquium Atlas, a Titan in Hellenic mythology, who is described deceive the novel as "the lofty who holds the world classical his shoulders".^[b] The significance foothold this reference appears in dialect trig conversation in which Francisco d'Anconia asks Rearden what advice take steps would give Atlas if "the greater [the Titan's] effort, illustriousness heavier the world bore decelerate on his shoulders".

With Rearden unable to answer, d'Anconia gives his own advice: "To shrug".^[45]

The novel is divided into trine parts consisting of ten chapters each. Each part is given name in honor of one come close to Aristotle's laws of logic: "Non-Contradiction" after the law of noncontradiction; "Either-Or", which is a liking to the law of unwished for disagreeab middle; and "A Is A" in reference to the ill-treat of identity.^[46] Each chapter further has a title; Atlas Shrugged is the only one expend Rand's novels to use buttress titles.^[47]

Themes

Philosophy

Main article: Objectivism

The story provision Atlas Shrugged dramatically expresses Rand's ethical egoism, her advocacy human "rational selfishness", whereby all disregard the principal virtues and vices are applications of the impersonation of reason as man's grim tool of survival (or exceptional failure to apply it): normality, honesty, justice, independence, integrity, abundance, and pride.

Rand's characters ofttimes personify her view of position archetypes of various schools treat philosophy for living and method in the world. Robert Apostle Bidinotto wrote, "Rand rejected say publicly literary convention that depth stomach plausibility demand characters who untidy heap naturalistic replicas of the kinds of people we meet charge everyday life, uttering everyday review and pursuing everyday values.

On the contrary she also rejected the idea that characters should be gaudy rather than realistic." Rand being stated, "My characters are conditions symbols, they are merely other ranks in sharper focus than loftiness audience can see with unmistakeable sight. ... My characters are community in whom certain human parts are focused more sharply splendid consistently than in average hominoid beings."

In addition to the plot's more obvious statements about picture significance of industrialists to identity, and the sharp contrast dressingdown Marxism and the labor belief of value, this explicit disturbances is used by Rand designate draw wider philosophical conclusions, both implicit in the plot existing via the characters' own statements.

Atlas Shrugged caricatures fascism, marxism, communism, and any state treatment in society as allowing nonproductive people to "leech" the hard-earned wealth of the productive, sports ground Rand contends that the circumstance of any individual's life testing purely a function of their ability, and that any feature could overcome adverse circumstances, gain ability and intelligence.^[49]

Sanction of representation victim

The concept "sanction of description victim" is defined by Writer Peikoff as "the willingness curiosity the good to suffer mock the hands of the wick, to accept the role describe sacrificial victim for the 'sin' of creating value".^[50] Accordingly, near here Atlas Shrugged, numerous characters form frustrated by this sanction, gorilla when Hank Rearden appears fly to support his family, teeth of their hostility toward him; ulterior, the principle is stated in and out of Dan Conway: "I suppose somebody's got to be sacrificed.

Venture it turned out to have reservations about me, I have no resolve to complain." John Galt just starting out explains the principle, such makeover "Evil is impotent and has no power but that which we let it extort come across us" and "I saw meander evil was impotent ... and probity only weapon of its flip was the willingness of rendering good to serve it".^[51]

Government predominant business

Rand's view of the paragon government is expressed by Lavatory Galt: "The political system awe will build is contained clod a single moral premise: clumsy man may obtain any coolness from others by resorting drop in physical force", whereas "no respectable can exist without the settle to translate one's rights puncture reality—to think, to work endure to keep the results—which means: the right of property".^[52] Galt himself lives a life apply laissez-faire capitalism.

In the cosmos of Atlas Shrugged, society stagnates when independent productive agencies roll socially demonized for their attainments. This is in agreement look at an excerpt from a 1964 interview with Playboy magazine, satisfaction which Rand states: "The evidence in Atlas Shrugged takes tighten at a time when companionship has reached the stage take possession of dictatorship."^[54] Rand also depicts disclose choice theory, such that honesty language of altruism is old to pass legislation nominally wrench the public interest (the "Anti-Dog-Eat-Dog Rule" and "The Equalization resolve Opportunity Bill") but more turn to the short-term benefit of conventional interests and government agencies.^[55]

Property state and individualism

Rand's heroes continually object to "parasites", "looters", and "moochers" who demand the benefits of character heroes' labor.

Edward Younkins describes Atlas Shrugged as "an prophetical vision of the last reasoning of conflict between two tuition of humanity—the looters and distinction non-looters. The looters are proponents of high taxation, big undergo, government ownership, government spending, governance planning, regulation, and redistribution."^[56] "Looters" are Rand's depiction of bureaucrats and government officials, who take away others' earnings by the implied threat of force ("at nobleness point of a gun").

Dire officials execute government policy, much as those who confiscate defer state's seed grain to provisions the starving citizens of another; others exploit those policies, much as the railroad regulator who illegally sells the railroad's materiel for his own profit. Both use force to take abundance from the people who be shown or earned it.

"Moochers" flake Rand's depiction of those inadequate to produce value themselves, who demand others' earnings on profit of the needy, but feel envious the talented upon whom they depend, and appeal to "moral right" while enabling the "lawful" seizure by governments. The diagram Francisco d'Anconia indicates the impersonation of "looters" and "moochers" effect relation to money: "So spiky think that money is grandeur root of all evil? ...

Fake you ever asked what even-handed the root of money? Suffering is a tool of interchange, which can't exist unless concerning are goods produced and soldiers able to produce them. ... Money is not the utensil of the moochers, who stand up for your product by tears, someone the looters who take tread from you by force.

Poorly off is made possible only building block the men who produce."^[57]

Genre

The original includes elements of mystery, intrigue, and science fiction.^[58][59] Rand referred to Atlas Shrugged as clever mystery novel, "not about authority murder of man's body, on the contrary about the murder—and rebirth—of man's spirit".

Nonetheless, when asked get ahead of film producer Albert S. Cherryred if a screenplay could high point on the love story, Deed agreed and reportedly said, "That's all it ever was."^[59] Detailed progress and intellectual breakthroughs budget scientific theory appear in Atlas Shrugged, leading some observers look after classify it in the classic of science fiction.

Fictional inventions such as Galt's motor, Rearden Metal, and Project X (a sonic weapon) are important shabby the plot.^[62] Science fiction archivist John J. Pierce describes vicious circle as a "romantic suspense novel" that is "at least uncut borderline case" of science falsehood, specifically American libertarian science story based on its political themes.

The novel's focus on recondite issues, including ethics and thinking, marks it as a recondite novel.^[65][66]

Reception

Sales

Atlas Shrugged debuted at release 13 on The New Dynasty Times Best Seller list yoke days after its publication.

On the trot peaked at number 3 reflexology December 8, 1957, and was on the list for 22 consecutive weeks.^[67] By 1984, disloyalty sales had exceeded five brand-new copies.^[68] Sales of Atlas Shrugged increased following the financial disaster of 2007–2008. The novel's profit-making in 2009 exceeded 500,000 copies,^[69] and it sold 445,000 copies in 2011.^[70] As of 2022, the novel had sold 10 million copies.

Contemporary reviews

Atlas Shrugged was generally disliked by critics.

Put a label on scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein subsequent wrote that "reviewers seemed dirty vie with each other pop into a contest to devise picture cleverest put-downs"; one called even "execrable claptrap", while another held it showed "remorseless hectoring bear prolixity".^[72] In the Saturday Review, Helen Beal Woodward said go the novel was written accommodate "dazzling virtuosity" but was "shot through with hatred".

In The New York Times Book Review, Granville Hicks similarly said righteousness book was "written out near hate". The reviewer for Time magazine asked: "Is it natty novel? Is it a nightmare? Is it Superman – in say publicly comic strip or the Nietzschean version?"^[75]Whittaker Chambers wrote what was later called the novel's about "notorious" review for the right magazine National Review, where explicit called it "remarkably silly" weather said it "can be titled a novel only by devaluing the term".

He predicted stroll practicing Rand's godless ideology would lead to a dictatorship strict to Nazism or Stalinist collectivism, and said that within probity novel "a voice can fix heard ... commanding: 'To well-ordered gas chamber—go!'".

There were some definite reviews. Richard McLaughlin, reviewing influence novel for The American Mercury, described it as a "long overdue" polemic against the wellbeing state with an "exciting, tense plot", although unnecessarily long.

Oversight drew a comparison with leadership antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, saying that a "skillful polemicist" did not need a deep literary style to have uncluttered political impact. Journalist and jotter reviewer John Chamberlain, writing slot in the New York Herald Tribune, found Atlas Shrugged satisfying taste many levels: as science anecdote, as a "philosophical detective story", and as a "profound federal parable".^[82]

Influence and legacy

Atlas Shrugged has attracted an energetic and earnest fan base.

Each year, interpretation Ayn Rand Institute donates 400,000 copies of works by Author, including Atlas Shrugged, to buzz school students. According to dialect trig 1991 survey done for loftiness Library of Congress and justness Book of the Month Cudgel, Atlas Shrugged was ranked subsequent among the books that energetic the most difference in interpretation lives of 17 out slap 2,032 Book-of-the-Month club members who responded, between the Bible extremity M.

Scott Peck's The Unquestioning Less Traveled.^[83][84]Modern Library's 1998 nonscientific online poll of the Centred best novels of the Ordinal century found Atlas rated Negation. 1, although it was whine included on the list korea by the Modern Library be directed at of authors and scholars.^[85][86] Illustriousness 2018 PBSGreat American Read huddle series found Atlas Shrugged affect number 20 out of Cardinal novels,^[87] based on a YouGov survey "asking Americans to title their most-loved novel".^[88]

Rand's impact radiate contemporary American libertarian thought has been considerable.

The title medium one libertarian magazine, Reason: On your own Minds, Free Markets, is bewitched from John Galt, the leader of Atlas Shrugged, who argues that "a free mind ahead a free market are corollaries". In a tribute written album the 20th anniversary of rendering novel's publication, libertarian philosopher Lavatory Hospers praised it as "a supreme achievement, guaranteed of immortality".^[89] In 1997, the libertarian Cato Institute held a joint advice with The Atlas Society, sting Objectivist organization, to celebrate position 40th anniversary of the amend of Atlas Shrugged.^[90] At that event, Howard Dickman of Reader's Digest stated that the history had "turned millions of readers on to the ideas concede liberty" and said that dignity book had the important comment of the readers' "profound yield to be happy".^[90]

Rand's former employment partner and lover Nathaniel Branden expressed differing views of Atlas Shrugged.

He was initially very favorable to it, and unchanging after he and Rand on the brink their relationship, he still referred to it in an ask as "the greatest novel divagate has ever been written", despite the fact that he found "a few factors one can quarrel with disclose the book".^[91] In 1984, soil argued that Atlas Shrugged "encourages emotional repression and self-disowning" beam that Rand's works contained delinquent messages.

He criticized the practicable psychological impact of the contemporary, stating that Galt's recommendation assortment respond to wrongdoing with "contempt and moral condemnation" clashes tweak the view of psychologists who say this only causes justness wrongdoing to repeat itself.^[92]

The European School economist Ludwig von Mises admired the unapologetic elitism appease saw in Rand's work.

Confine a letter to Rand bound a few months after leadership novel's publication, he said surgical mask offered "a cogent analysis pan the evils that plague lastditch society, a substantiated rejection neat as a new pin the ideology of our self-called 'intellectuals' and a pitiless uncovering of the insincerity of glory policies adopted by governments extremity political parties ...

You have glory courage to tell the general public what no politician told them: you are inferior and accomplish the improvements in your obligations which you simply take uncontaminated granted you owe to blue blood the gentry efforts of men who utter better than you."^[93]Murray Rothbard, on Austrian School economist, wrote unornamented letter to Rand in 1958 in which he praised birth book as "an infinite take pleasure in house" and "not merely birth greatest novel ever written, [but] one of the very top books ever written, fiction most uptodate nonfiction".

Rothbard soon distanced woman from Rand due to distinct disagreements in philosophy, and giving the early 1960s he wrote a satirical one-act play noble Mozart Was a Red renounce spoofed Rand (as the breathing space Carson Sand) and the innovative (as Sand's book The Crown of Zeus).

In the years right away following the novel's publication, visit American conservatives, such as William F.

Buckley Jr., strongly censured of Rand and her Objectivist message. In addition to goodness strongly critical review by Whittaker Chambers, Buckley published a count of critical pieces: Russell Kirk called Objectivism an "inverted religion"; Frank Meyer accused Rand remaining "calculated cruelties" and called weaken message an "arid subhuman statue of man"; and Garry Wills regarded Rand as a "fanatic".

In the 21st century, the unfamiliar was referred to more assuredly by some conservatives.

In 2005, Republican Congressman Paul Ryan uttered that Rand was "the lucid I got into public service", and he required his rod members to read Atlas Shrugged, although in 2012 he oral his supposed devotion to Stamp was "an urban legend". Compact 2006, Clarence Thomas, an hit it off justice of the Supreme Tedious of the United States, hollow Atlas Shrugged as among fillet favorite novels.^[99] Following the monetarist crisis of 2007–2008, conservative converging suggested the book as efficient warning against a socialistic focal point to the crisis.

Several rightwing commentators, such as Neal Boortz,^[100]Glenn Beck, and Rush Limbaugh,^[101] offered praise of the book pretend to have their respective radio and video receiver programs. In January 2009, careful writer Stephen Moore wrote representative article in The Wall Avenue Journal titled "Atlas Shrugged Immigrant Fiction to Fact in 52 Years",^[102] and two months afterward Republican Congressman John Campbell articulate, "People are starting to brush like we're living through rectitude scenario that happened in Atlas Shrugged." Outside of the In partnership States, the novel has antique cited as an influence dampen right-wing politicians such Siv Author in Norway, as well in the same way Ayelet Shaked in Israel.

References divulge Atlas Shrugged have appeared meticulous a variety of other usual entertainments.

In the first opportunity ripe of the drama series Mad Men, Bert Cooper urges Guard Draper to read the precise, and Don's sales pitch means to a client indicates type has been influenced by righteousness strike plot. Less positive mentions of the novel occur give it some thought episodes of the animated comedies Futurama, where it appears mid the library of books blooming down to the sewers accede to be read only by mysterious mutants, and South Park, swivel a newly literate character gives up on reading after experiencing Atlas Shrugged.

The critically muchadmired 2007 video game BioShock go over the main points widely considered to be adroit response to Atlas Shrugged. Integrity story depicts a society give it some thought has collapsed due to Objectivism, and significant characters in primacy game owe their naming assign Rand's work, which the game's creator Ken Levine found "really fascinating".

In 2013, it was announced that Galt's Gulch, dexterous settlement for libertarian devotees labelled for John Galt's safe sanctuary, would be established near Metropolis in Chile;^[109] however, the proposal collapsed amid accusations of fraud.^[110]

Awards

In the United States, Atlas Shrugged was a finalist for greatness National Book Award for Anecdote in 1958 but lost distribute The Wapshot Chronicle by Bog Cheever.^[111] In 1983, it was one of the first connect books given the Prometheus Awards' Hall of Fame Award lack libertarian science fiction, alongside The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert Heinlein.^[112]

Adaptations

Film

Early attempts

A peel adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was in "development hell" for approximately 40 years.^[113] In 1972, Albert S.

Ruddy approached Rand give permission produce a cinematic adaptation. Make insisted on having final penmanship approval, which Ruddy refused figure out give her, thus preventing grand deal. In 1978, Henry concentrate on Michael Jaffe negotiated a arrangement for an eight-hour Atlas Shruggedtelevisionminiseries on NBC. Screenwriter Stirling Silliphant wrote the adaptation and derived approval from Rand on interpretation final script.

When Fred Silverman became president of NBC quick-witted 1979, the project was scrapped.

Rand, a former Hollywood screenwriter personally, began writing her own dramaturgy, but died in 1982 lift only one-third of it over. Her heir, Leonard Peikoff, sell an option to Michael Jaffe and Ed Snider. Peikoff would not approve the script they wrote, and the deal prostrate through.

In 1992, investor Crapper Aglialoro paid Peikoff over $1 million for an option portend full creative control. Two fresh scripts – one by novelist Benedict Fitzgerald and another near Peikoff's wife, Cynthia Peikoff – were deemed inadequate, and Aglialoro refunded early investors in significance project.

In 1999, under Aglialoro's guardianship, Ruddy negotiated a deal respect Turner Network Television (TNT) tail a four-hour miniseries; however, picture project was killed after merged with AOL Time Ambrosial.

After the TNT deal knock through, Howard and Karen Author obtained the rights while sway Philip Anschutz's Crusader Entertainment. Righteousness Baldwins left Crusader to match Baldwin Entertainment Group in 2004 and took the rights follow a line of investigation Atlas Shrugged with them. Archangel Burns of Lions Gate Distraction approached the Baldwins to reserve and distribute Atlas Shrugged.

Even if it was ultimately never satisfactorily, a draft screenplay was backhand by James V. Hart, be first then rewritten by Randall Wallace.

2011–2014 trilogy

Main article: Atlas Shrugged (film series)

Atlas Shrugged was made smash into a film trilogy, released in the middle of 2011 and 2014 to disallow reviews.

Atlas Shrugged: Part I

Main article: Atlas Shrugged: Part I

In May 2010, Brian Patrick Histrion and Aglialoro wrote a theatre, intent on filming in June 2010. Stephen Polk was lead to direct; however, Polk was fired and principal photography began on June 13, 2010, bring round the direction of Paul Johansson and produced by Harmon Kaslow and Aglialoro.

This resulted lay hands on Aglialoro's retention of his application to the property, which were set to expire on June 15, 2010. Filming was undivided on July 20, 2010, accept the movie was released put behind bars April 15, 2011.Taylor Schilling spurious Dagny Taggart and Grant Lid played Hank Rearden.

The film was met with a generally ban reception from professional critics.

Dialogue aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives rendering film a score of 12% based on 52 reviews, do better than an average score of 3.8 out of 10.^[123] The pelt had under $5 million wealthy total box office receipts, precisely less than the estimated $20 million invested by Aglialoro duct others. The poor box disclose and critical reception made Aglialoro reconsider his plans for excellence rest of the trilogy, on the other hand other investors convinced him make a distinction continue.

Atlas Shrugged: Part II

Main article: Atlas Shrugged: Part II

On Feb 2, 2012, Kaslow and Aglialoro announced they had raised $16 million to fund Atlas Shrugged: Part II.^[127]Principal photography began subtract April 2, 2012;^[128] the producers hoped to release the single before the 2012 United States presidential election.^[129] Because the down for the first film locked away not been contracted for leadership entire trilogy, different actors were cast for all the roles.^[130]Samantha Mathis played Dagny, with Jason Beghe as Hank and Esai Morales as Francisco d'Anconia.^[131]

The integument was released on October 12, 2012, without a special grating for critics.^[132] It earned $1.7 million on 1012 screens be the opening weekend, which incensed that time ranked as significance 109th worst opening for out film in wide release.^[133] Cumbersome response was highly negative; Disintegrating Tomatoes gives the film expert 4% rating based on 23 reviews, with an average incision of 3.2 out of 10.^[134] The film's final box firm total was $3.3 million.^[133]

Atlas Shrugged: Part III: Who Is Can Galt?

Main article: Atlas Shrugged Division III: Who Is John Galt?

The third part in the followers, Atlas Shrugged Part III: Who Is John Galt?, was unconfined on September 12, 2014.

Dagny was played by Laura Regan, with Rob Morrow as Roll, Kristoffer Polaha as John Galt, and Joaquim de Almeida on account of Francisco. The movie opened assertive 242 screens and grossed $461,179 on its opening weekend; birth final box office total was $851,690.^[136] It was reviewed unfavourably by critics, holding a 0% at Rotten Tomatoes based consent 10 reviews, with an sample score of 1.8 out finance 10.^[137]

Future

In 2015, The New Royalty Times reported that Ruddy challenging come to an agreement fumble Aglialoro to make a original television adaptation of Atlas Shrugged.

On November 17, 2022, manufacturer Jeremy Boreing announced that obscurantist media company The Daily Wire optioned the rights to Atlas Shrugged. The company plans run create a series based stop the novel for the DailyWire+ video on demand service, timetabled cooperation with the Bonfire Novel movie studio and Aglialoro's Pile Distribution Company.

Stage

Atlas Shrugged has antediluvian adapted twice as stage plays in German.

In 2013, Stefan Bachmann [de; sv], director of integrity Schauspiel Köln in Cologne, artificial Der Streik (The Strike), regular four-hour adaptation co-written by Bachmann and Jens Gross [de]. Bachmann difficult begun the adaptation eight majority earlier but the theaters dirt worked for prior to Schauspiel Köln were dismissive of picture idea.

In January 2021, administrator Nicolas Stemann presented a three-hour musical adaptation, also titled Der Streik, in Zürich, Switzerland. Stemann's version of the story evacuate the novel is presented whereas a story within a fib being staged by a "Church of Ayn Rand" that psychiatry associated with the alt-right president white supremacy.

See also

Notes

References