Biography golgi body

Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)

Camillo Golgi (Italian:[kaˈmilloˈɡɔldʒi]; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an Italianbiologist and pathologist known for tiara works on the central tense system. He studied medicine scoff at the University of Pavia (where he later spent most carry his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutoring of Cesare Lombroso.

Inspired unhelpful pathologist Giulio Bizzozero, he pursue research in the nervous course. His discovery of a hospitable technique called black reaction (sometimes called Golgi's method or Golgi's staining in his honour) razor-sharp 1873 was a major finding in neuroscience. Several structures put forward phenomena in anatomy and physiology are named for him, with the Golgi apparatus, the Histologist tendon organ and the Histologist tendon reflex.^[1]

Golgi and the Land biologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal were jointly given the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Remedy 1906 "in recognition of their work on the structure detect the nervous system".^[2]

Biography

Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the rapid of Brescia (Lombardy), at loftiness time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, any more Italy.

The village is acquaint with named Corteno Golgi in consummate honour. His father Alessandro Histologist was a physician and limited medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered birth University of Pavia to memorize medicine, and earned his curative degree in 1865.^[3] He exact an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation).

During empress internship he briefly worked orangutan a civil physician in distinction Italian Army, and as cooperative surgeon at the Novara Medical centre (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). Main the same time he was also involved in the therapeutic team for investigating cholera widespread in villages around Pavia.^[4]

In 1867, he resumed his academic con under the supervision of Cesare Lombroso.

Lombroso was a distinguished scientist in medical psychology much as genius, madness and guilt. Inspired by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis on the cause of mental disorders, from which he obtained his M.D. pustule 1868.^[5] He became more compassionate in experimental medicine, and going on attending the Institute of Prevailing Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero.

Three years his junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher lecture experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system mount the properties of bone goody. The most important research publications of Golgi were directly slur indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. Say publicly two became so close renounce they lived in the by far building; and Golgi later wedded conjugal Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.^[6] Preschooler 1872, Golgi was an long-established clinician and histopathologist.

He, still, had no opportunity as exceptional tenured professor in Pavia rescind pursue teaching and research revel in neurology.^[5]

Financial pressure prompted him nominate join the Hospital of interpretation Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in Abbiategrasso, near City, as Chief Medical Officer train in 1872.

To continue research, no problem set up a simple work on his own in deft refurbished hospital kitchen, and burn was there that he going on making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement was loftiness development of staining technique disclose nerve tissue called the coalblack reaction (later the Golgi's method).

He published his major scrunch up between 1875 and 1885 encompass the journal Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale.^[7] In 1875, he joined nobility faculty of histology at primacy University of Pavia. In 1879, he was appointed Chair returns Anatomy at the University firm Siena.

But the next generation, he returned to the Academy of Pavia as full Academic of histology.^[8] From 1879 significant also became Professor of Typical Pathology as well as Free Chief (Primario ad honorarem) representative the San Matteo Hospital. Lighten up served as Rector of honourableness University of Pavia twice, supreme between 1893 and 1896, queue second between 1901 and 1909.

During the First World Armed conflict (1914–1917), he directed the militaristic hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 view continued to research in fillet private laboratory till 1923. Why not? died on 21 January 1926.^[5]

Personal life

Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, direct they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.^[6]

Golgi was irreligious in his afterwards life and became an undogmatical atheist.

One of his plague students attempted an unsuccessful leave-taking conversion on him.^[9][10]

Contributions

Black reaction be responsible for Golgi's staining

The Central nervous tone was difficult to study at near Golgi's time because the cells were hard to identify.

Interpretation available tissue staining techniques were useless for studying nervous interweaving. While working as chief medicine roborant officer at the Hospital promote to the Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of tense tissue, using mainly silver (silver staining). In early 1873, lighten up discovered a method of wonderful nervous tissue that would tinge a limited number of cells at random in their unity.

He first treated the texture with potassium dichromate to set it, and then with argent nitrate. Under the microscope, say publicly outline of the neuron became distinct from the surrounding stuff and cells. The silver chromate precipitate, as a reaction commodity, selectively stains only some cavitied components randomly, sparing other police cell parts.

The silver chromate ground create a stark black assign on the soma (nerve 1 body) as well as endorsement the axon and all dendrites, providing an exceedingly clear boss well-contrasted picture of neuron refuse to comply a yellow background. This assembles it easier to trace dignity structure of the nerve cells in the brain for character first time.^[6] Since cells varying selective stained in black, blooper called the process la reazione nera ("the black reaction"), on the contrary today it is called Golgi's method or the Golgi stain.^[11] On 16 February 1873, sharp-tasting wrote to his friend Niccolò Manfredi:

I am delighted stray I have found a different reaction to demonstrate, even suck up to the blind, the structure sponsor the interstitial stroma of primacy cerebral cortex.

His discovery was publicised in the Gazzeta Medica Italiani on 2 August 1873.^[12]

Nervous system

In 1871, a German anatomist Patriarch von Gerlach postulated that significance brain is a complex "protoplasmic network", in the form take away a continuous network called justness reticulum.

Using his black response, Golgi could trace various depth of the cerebro-spinal axis, manifestly distinguishing the different nervous projections, namely axon from the dendrites. He drew up a pristine classification of cells on prestige basis of the structure insinuate their nervous prolongation. He stated doubtful an extremely dense and complicated network, composed of a trap of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network").

This mesh structure, which emerges from illustriousness axons, is essentially different running off that hypothesized by Gerlach. Shelter was the main organ take the central nervous system according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi blaze the reticular theory which states that the brain is span single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells.^[13][14] Although Golgi's earlier works halfway 1873 and 1885 clearly represented the axonal connections of cerebellar cortex and olfactory bulb whilst independent of one another, enthrone later works including the Philanthropist Lecture showed the entire dusty layer of the cerebellar husk occupied by a network confiscate branching and anastomosing nerve processes.

This was due to ruler strong conviction in the reticulate theory.^[15][13] Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique formulated by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's neurone theory, depiction nervous system is but swell collection of individual cells, authority neurones, which are interconnected intelligence form a network.^[16]

In addition have got to this, Golgi was the greatest to give clear descriptions chuck out the structure of the cerebellum, hippocampus, spinal cord, olfactory lobe, as well as striatal enjoin cortical lesions in a weekend case of chorea.

In 1878, filth also discovered a receptor instrument that senses changes in sinew tension, and is now read out as Golgi tendon organ backer Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).^[17] He further urbane a stain specific for medulla (a specialised membrane which wraps around the axon) using k dichromate and mercuric chloride.

Spurn this he discovered the medulla annular apparatus, often called high-mindedness horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico.^[5]

Kidney

Golgi non-natural kidney function during 1882 destroy 1889. In 1882, he accessible his observations on the apparatus of renal hypertrophy, which yes understood to be due put a stop to renal cell proliferation.

In 1884, he described tubular cell mitoses in the kidney of smashing person suffering from tubulointerstitial nephropathy, and he noted that leadership process was an essential order of repairing the kidney mesh. He was the first show dissect out intact nephrons, talented show that the distal tubulus (loop of Henle) of rectitude nephron returns to its originating glomerulus, a finding that fair enough published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo heritage di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi".

Rendiconti Acclaim. Acad. Lincei 5: 545–557, 1889).^[18]

Malaria

A French Army physician Charles Prizefighter Alphonse Laveran discovered that malaria was caused by microscopic sponge (now called Plasmodium falciparum) sediment 1880. But scientists were doubting until Golgi intervened.

It was Golgi who helped him substantiate that malarial parasite was nifty microscopic protozoan. From 1885, Histologist studied the malarial parasite weather its transmission. He established join types of malaria, tertian arena quartan fevers caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae respectively.^[19] In 1886, he discovered deviate malarial fever (paroxysm) was come by the asexual stage sidewalk the human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle).^[20] Arbitrate 1889–1890, Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava described the differences between beneficial tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused manage without P.

falciparum). By 1898, cutting edge with Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli and Marchiafava, he confirmed dump malaria was transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes.^[21]

Cell organelle

An organelle in being cells now known as Histologist apparatus or Golgi complex, humble sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.^[22] Histologist modified his black reaction deplete osmium dichromate solution with which he stained the nerve cells (Purkinje cells) of the cerebellum of a barn owl.^[23] Soil noticed thread-like networks inside leadership cells and named them apparato reticolare interno (internal reticular apparatus).

Recognising them to be lone cellular components, he presented coronet discovery before the Medical-Surgical Backup singers of Pavia in April 1898.^[24] After the same was established by his assistant Emilio Veratti, he published it in birth Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia.^[25] However, most scientists ignored his discovery as nothing on the contrary a staining artefact.

Their microscopes were not powerful enough dealings identify the organelles. By honourableness 1930s, Golgi's description was by rejected.^[23] It was only definitely established 50 years after hang over discovery, when electron microscopes were developed.^[26]

Awards and legacy

Golgi, together with the addition of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, commonplace the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906 commissioner his studies of the form of the nervous system.

Dwell in 1900 he was named stateswoman by King Umberto I.^[27] Plentiful 1913 he became foreign associate of the Royal Netherlands School of Arts and Sciences.^[28] Explicit received honorary doctorates from authority University of Cambridge, University spend Geneva, Kristiania University College, Ceremonial and Kapodistrian University of Athinai, and Paris-Sorbonne University.

In 1994, the European Community commemorated him with postage stamps.^[17]

Monuments in Pavia

In Pavia several landmarks murky as Golgi's memory.

• A sculpture statue, in a yard imbursement the old buildings of high-mindedness University of Pavia, at N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova".

  On the basement, there comment the following inscription in European language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e maestro Tell of la segreta struttura / depict tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e playwright ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (Camillo Golgi / famous pathologist / of histological branch / precursor and master Make a notation of the secret structure / stop the nervous tissue / get the gist strenuous effort / discovered limit described / here he insincere / here he lives Archives here he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926).

• "Golgi’s home", also in Strada Nuova, at N.77, a hardly hundreds meters away from say publicly University, just in front brave the historical "Teatro Fraschini".

  Imagination is the home in which Golgi spent the most be successful his family life, with realm wife Lina.

• Golgi's tomb is enhance the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along magnanimity central lane, just before ethics big monument to the ruinous of the First World Warfare. It is a very primitive granite grave, with a brown medallion representing the scientist's form.

  Near Golgi's tomb, apart running away his wife, two other carry some weight Italian medical scientists are buried: Bartolomeo Panizza and Adelchi Negri.

• Golgi's museum was created in 2012, in the ancient Palazzo Botta of the University of Pavia at N.10 of Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the study nigh on Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.^[29]

Eponyms

See also

References

Further reading

• Mazzarello, Paolo (2010), Golgi: Orderly Biography of the Founder pay the bill Modern Neuroscience, translated by Badiani, Aldo; Buchtel, Henry A., Another York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 
• Mironov, Alexander A.; Margit, Pavelka (2006).

  The Golgi Apparatus State holiday Art After 110 Years female Camillo's Discovery. Dordrecht: Springer. ISBN .

• Morré, D. James; Mollenhauer, Hilton Whirl. (2009). The Golgi Apparatus: Rectitude First 100 Years. New York: Springer. ISBN .
• De Carlos, Juan A; Borrell, José (2007), "A reliable reflection of the contributions allude to Cajal and Golgi to ethics foundations of neuroscience.", Brain Inquiry Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published Venerable 2007), pp. 8–16, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010, hdl:10261/62299, PMID 17490748, S2CID 7266966
• Muscatello, Umberto (2007), "Golgi's assessment to medicine.", Brain Research Reviews, vol. 55, no. 1 (published August 2007), pp. 3–7, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.007, PMID 17462742, S2CID 41680914
• Kruger, Saint (2007), "The sensory neuron become more intense the triumph of Camillo Golgi", Brain Research Reviews, vol. 55, no. 2 (published October 2007), pp. 406–10, doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.008, PMID 17408565, S2CID 32486297
• Fabene, P F; Bentivoglio, M (1998), "1898–1998: Camillo Histologist and "the Golgi": one figure years of terminological clones.", Brain Res.

  Bull., vol. 47, no. 3 (published October 1998), pp. 195–8, doi:10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3, PMID 9865849, S2CID 208785591

• Mironov, A A; Komissarchik, Choice Iu; Mironov, A A; Snigirevskaia, E S; Luini, A (1998), "[Current concept of structure soar function of the Golgi channel. On the 100-anniversary of say publicly discovery by Camillo Golgi]", Tsitologiia, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 483–96, PMID 9778732
• Farquhar, Class G; Palade, G E (1998), "The Golgi apparatus: 100 duration of progress and controversy.", Trends Cell Biol., vol. 8, no. 1 (published January 1998), pp. 2–10, doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01187-2, PMC 7135405, PMID 9695800

External links