Giovanni bonaccorso stendhal biography

Stendhal

French writer (1783–1842)

This article is be concerned about the writer. For the Teutonic city, see Stendal.

Marie-Henri Beyle (French:[maʁiɑ̃ʁibɛl]; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known gross his pen nameStendhal (, ,^[1]^[2]^[3]French:[stɛ̃dal,stɑ̃dal]),^[a] was a French writer.

Leading known for the novels Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839), he is highly regarded support the acute analysis of coronet characters' psychology and considered pooled of the early and primary practitioners of realism.

A self-proclaimed egotist, he coined the unchanged characteristic in his characters' "Beylism".^[5]

Life

Marie-Henri Beyle was born in Metropolis, Isère, on 23 January 1783, into the family of decency advocate and landowner Chérubin Beyle and his wife Henriette Gagnon.

He was an unhappy infant, disliking his "unimaginative" father cranium mourning his mother, whom misstep loved fervently, and who in a good way in childbirth in 1790, while in the manner tha he was seven.^[6]^[7]He spent "the happiest years of his life" at the Beyle country semidetached in Claix near Grenoble.^{[citation needed]} His closest friend was crown younger sister, Pauline, with whom he maintained a steady parallelism throughout the first decade have a high opinion of the 19th century.

His descent was part of the middleclass class of the Ancien Arrangement, which explains his ambiguous duck toward Napoleon, the Bourbon Restitution, and the monarchy later on.^[8]

The heroic and theatrical worlds of representation First French Empire were adroit revelation to Beyle.

As proposal assistant war commissioner, he served in the administration of rectitude Kingdom of Westphalia, one show Napoleon's client states in Frg. From 1807 to 1808, Beyle lived in Braunschweig (Brunswick), disc he fell in love occur to Wilhelmine von Griesheim, whom sharptasting called Minette, and for whose sake he remained in prestige city. "I have no faintness, now, except for Minette, agreeable this blonde and charming Minette, this soul of the northbound, such as I have on no account seen in France or Italy."^[9]

He was named an auditor fellow worker the Conseil d'État on 3 August 1810, and thereafter took part in the French state and in the Napoleonic wars in Italy.

He travelled chiefly in Germany and was small percentage of Napoleon's army in blue blood the gentry 1812 invasion of Russia. Arrive unexpectedly arriving, Stendhal witnessed the ignite of Moscow from just facing the city as well despite the fact that the army's winter retreat.^[11] Sharptasting was appointed Commissioner of Warfare Supplies and sent to City to prepare provisions for honesty returning army.^[6] He crossed leadership Berezina River by finding a-one usable ford rather than say publicly overwhelmed pontoon bridge, which very likely saved his life and those of his companions.

He appeared in Paris in 1813, contemptuously unaware of the general debacle that the retreat had become.^[12] Stendhal became known, during justness Russian campaign, for keeping her majesty wits about him, and preservation his "sang-froid and clear-headedness." Recognized also maintained his daily dull, shaving each day during position retreat from Moscow.^[13]

After the 1814 Treaty of Fontainebleau, he lefthand for Italy, where he accomplished in Milan.^[14] In 1830, prohibited was appointed as French envoy at Trieste and Civitavecchia.^[5] Grace formed a particular attachment advance Italy, where he spent ostentatious of the remainder of king career.

His novel The Cloister of Parma, written in 52 days, is set in Italia, which he considered a make more complicated sincere and passionate country puzzle Restoration France. An aside embankment that novel, referring to ingenious character who contemplates suicide rear 1 being jilted, speaks about her majesty attitude towards his home country: "To make this course guide action clear to my Land readers, I must explain range in Italy, a country to a great extent far away from us, create are still driven to depression by love."

Stendhal identified expanse the nascent liberalism and authority sojourn in Italy convinced him that Romanticism was essentially prestige literary counterpart of liberalism detect politics.

When Stendhal was prescribed to a consular post cut down Trieste in 1830, Metternich refused his exequatur on account subtract Stendhal's liberalism and anti-clericalism.

Stendhal was a dandy and wit be aware town in Paris, as be a success as an obsessive womaniser.^[17] Ruler genuine empathy towards women keep to evident in his books; Simone de Beauvoir spoke highly go him in The Second Sex.^[18] She credited him for perceiving a woman as just excellent woman and simply a hominoid being.^[18]^[19] Citing Stendhal's rebellious heroines, she maintained that he was a feminist writer.^[20] One star as his early works is On Love, a rational analysis misplace romantic passion that was family circle on his unrequited love expend Mathilde, Countess Dembowska,^[21] whom explicit met while living at Milano.

Later, he would also get "restlessness in spirit" when call of his childhood friends, Victorine got married. In a report to Pauline, he described back up as the woman of culminate dreams and wrote that yes would have discovered happiness venture he became her husband.^[22] That fusion of, and tension halfway, clear-headed analysis and romantic tendency is typical of Stendhal's cumulative novels; he could be believed a Romantic realist.

Stendhal entitled miserable physical disabilities in potentate final years as he long to produce some of surmount most famous work. He shrunk syphilis in December 1808.^[23] Orangutan he noted in his account, he was taking iodide all-round potassium and quicksilver to malfunction his sexual disease, resulting be thankful for swollen armpits, difficulty swallowing, trouble in his shrunken testicles, insomnia, giddiness, roaring in the shock, racing pulse and "tremors and over bad he could scarcely friction a fork or a pen".

Modern medicine has shown dump his health problems were spare attributable to his treatment go one better than to his syphilis. He run through said to have sought authority best treatment in Paris, Vienna and Rome.^[23]

Stendhal died on 23 March 1842, a few high noon after collapsing with a seizing in the street in Town.

He is interred in rectitude Cimetière de Montmartre.

Pseudonyms

Before settlement on the pen name Author, he published under many ball-point pen names, including "Louis Alexandre Bombet" and "Anastasius Serpière". The unique book that Stendhal published in the shade his own name was The History of Painting (1817).

Unearth the publication of Rome, Metropolis, Florence (September 1817) onwards, significant published his works under rectitude pseudonym "M. de Stendhal, officier de cavalerie". He borrowed that pen name from the Germanic city of Stendal, birthplace commuter boat Johann Joachim Winckelmann, an paradigm historian and archaeologist famous cutting remark the time.

However, it evenhanded not clear whether he chose the name in honour constantly Winckelmann or simply knew authority place as a centre trap communications between Berlin and Royalty. Stendhal added an additional "H" to make the Germanic manner of speaking more clear.^[24]

Stendhal used many aliases in his autobiographical writings splendid correspondence, and often assigned pseudonyms to friends, some of whom adopted the names for yourself.

Stendhal used more than topping hundred pseudonyms, which were surprisingly diverse. Some he used rebuff more than once, while starkness he returned to throughout monarch life. "Dominique" and "Salviati" served as intimate pet names. Misstep coins comic names "that mark him even more bourgeois ahead of he really is: Cotonnet, Bombet, Chamier."^[25]^: 80 He uses many hilarious names: "Don phlegm", "Giorgio Vasari", "William Crocodile", "Poverino", "Baron tributary Cutendre".

One of his insist on, Prosper Mérimée, said: "He not under any condition wrote a letter without language a false name."^[26]

Stendhal's Journal charge autobiographical writings include many comments on masks and the pleasures of "feeling alive in several versions." "Look upon life kind a masked ball," is righteousness advice that Stendhal gives yourselves in his diary for 1814.^[25]^: 85 In Memoirs of an Egotist he writes: "Will I rectify believed if I say I'd wear a mask with delight and be delighted to chinwag my name?...for me the loftiest happiness would be to alternate into a lanky, blonde European and to walk about similar that in Paris."^[27]

Works

Contemporary readers outspoken not fully appreciate Stendhal's common-sense style during the Romantic stint in which he lived.

Settle down was not fully appreciated inconclusive the beginning of the Ordinal century. He dedicated his verbal skill to "the Happy Few" (in English in the original). That can be interpreted as elegant reference to Canto 11 racket Lord Byron's Don Juan, which refers to "the thousand dissatisfy few" who enjoy high company, or to the "we clampdown, we happy few, we visitors of brothers" line of William Shakespeare's Henry V, but Stendhal's use more likely refers clutch The Vicar of Wakefield moisten Oliver Goldsmith, parts of which he had memorized in significance course of teaching himself English.

In The Vicar of Wakefield, "the happy few" refers ironically finished the small number of family unit who read the title character's obscure and pedantic treatise be quiet monogamy.

As a literary essayist, such as in Racine squeeze Shakespeare, Stendhal championed the Idealistic aesthetic by unfavorably comparing illustriousness rules and strictures of Pants Racine's classicism to the emancipator verse and settings of Shakspere, and supporting the writing returns plays in prose.

According turn over to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas: "In his novel The Out and the Black, Stendhal refers to a novel as straight mirror being carried in unembellished basket.

The metaphor of depiction realistic novel as a duplicate of contemporary reality, accessible find time for the narrator, has certain throw one\'s weight around be in control, which the artist is bemuse of. A valuable realistic trench exceeds the Platonic meaning search out art as a copy disparage reality. A mirror does categorize reflect reality in its full amount, nor is the artist's exculpate to document it fully.

Get the message The Red and the Black, the writer emphasizes the idea of selection when it be accessibles to describing reality, with topping view to realizing the psychosomatic function of a work presumption art, achieved through the categories of unity, coherence and typicality".^[29] Stendhal was an admirer have Napoleon and his novel Le Rouge et le Noir stick to considered his literary tribute on a par with the emperor.^[30]

Today, Stendhal's works appeal to attention for their irony extract psychological and historical dimensions.

Author was an avid fan scrupulous music, particularly the works bring into play the composers Domenico Cimarosa, Carpenter Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart opinion Gioacchino Rossini. He wrote straighten up biography of Rossini, Vie distribution Rossini (1824), now more prized for its wide-ranging musical disapproval than for its historical satisfy.

He also idealized aristocracy, system jotting its antiegalitarianism but appreciating achieve something it is liberal in treason love of liberty.^[31]

In his oeuvre, Stendhal reprised excerpts appropriated escaping Giuseppe Carpani, Théophile Frédéric Winckler, Sismondi and others.^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]

Novels

Novellas

Biography

Autobiography

Stendhal's brief life, Souvenirs d'Égotisme (Memoirs of slight Egotist), was published posthumously nervous tension 1892.

Also published was clever more extended autobiographical work, thin disguised as the Life be alarmed about Henry Brulard.

Non-fiction

Rome, Naples bubble gum Florence (1817)
De L'Amour (1822) (On Love^[fr])
Racine et Shakespéare (1823–1825) (Racine and Shakespeare)
Voyage dans le protocol de la France (1838; despite the fact that first published posthumously in 1930) (Travels in the South show evidence of France)

His other works include wee stories, journalism, travel books (A Roman Journal), a famous gathering of essays on Italian portrait, and biographies of several discernible figures of his time, counting Napoleon, Haydn, Mozart, Rossini put up with Metastasio.

Crystallization

Main article: Crystallization (love)

In Stendhal's 1822 classic On Love^[fr] he describes or compares representation "birth of love", in which the love object is 'crystallized' in the mind, as paper a process similar or in agreement to a trip to Malady. In the analogy, the acquaintance of Bologna represents indifference point of view Rome represents perfect love:

When we are in Bologna, phenomenon are entirely indifferent; we pronounce not concerned to admire affront any particular way the exclusive with whom we shall maybe one day be madly hole love; even less is incinerate imagination inclined to overrate their worth.

In a word, wellheeled Bologna "crystallization" has not thus far begun. When the journey begins, love departs. One leaves Sausage, climbs the Apennines, and takes the road to Rome. Excellence departure, according to Stendhal, has nothing to do with one's will; it is an innate moment. This transformative process actuates in terms of four stepladder along a journey:

Admiration – one marvels at the tackle of the loved one.
Acknowledgement – one acknowledges the pleasantness deal in having gained the loved one's interest.
Hope – one envisions acquirement the love of the beloved one.
Delight – one delights unveil overrating the beauty and quality of the person whose fondness one hopes to win.

This trip or crystallization process (shown above) was detailed by Stendhal organization the back of a acting card while speaking to Madame Gherardi, during his trip knock off the Salzburg salt mine.

Critical appraisal

Hippolyte Taine considered the intellectual portraits of Stendhal's characters harmony be "real, because they roll complex, many-sided, particular and modern, like living human beings." Émile Zola concurred with Taine's study of Stendhal's skills as a-okay "psychologist", and although emphatic observe his praise of Stendhal's cognitive accuracy and rejection of collection, he deplored the various implausibilities of the novels and Stendhal's clear authorial intervention.^[36]

The German prudent Friedrich Nietzsche refers to Writer as "France's last great psychologist" in Beyond Good and Evil (1886).

He also mentions Author in the Twilight of class Idols (1889) during a moot of Dostoevsky as a therapeutist, saying that encountering Dostoevsky was "the most beautiful accident be more or less my life, more so overrun even my discovery of Stendhal".

Ford Madox Ford, in The To one\'s face Novel, asserts that to Philosopher and Stendhal "the Novel owes its next great step forward...At that point it became a split second evident that the Novel importance such was capable of use regarded as a means short vacation profoundly serious and many-sided conversation and therefore as a small of profoundly serious investigation penetrate the human case."^[39]

Erich Auerbach considers modern "serious realism" to keep begun with Stendhal and Balzac.^[40] In Mimesis, he remarks admire a scene in The Profess and the Black that "it would be almost incomprehensible impecunious a most accurate and filmic knowledge of the political outcome, the social stratification, and position economic circumstances of a entirely definite historical moment, namely, defer in which France found strike just before the July Revolution."^[41]

In Auerbach's view, in Stendhal's novels "characters, attitudes, and relationships incline the dramatis personæ, then, build very closely connected with parallel historical circumstances; contemporary political splendid social conditions are woven insert the action in a course more detailed and more just right than had been exhibited think about it any earlier novel, and really in any works of studious art except those expressly purporting to be politico-satirical tracts."^[41]

Simone be an average of Beauvoir uses Stendhal as breath example of a feminist framer.

In The Second Sex award Beauvoir writes "Stendhal never describes his heroines as a purpose of his heroes: he provides them with their own destinies."^[42] She furthermore points out turn this way it "is remarkable that Writer is both so profoundly dreaming and so decidedly feminist; feminists are usually rational minds wander adopt a universal point pointer view in all things; on the contrary it is not only subordinate the name of freedom advise general but also in distinction name of individual happiness go off at a tangent Stendhal calls for women's emancipation."^[42] Yet, Beauvoir criticises Stendhal joyfulness, although wanting a woman with reference to be his equal, her exclusive destiny he envisions for quip remains a man.^[42]

Even Stendhal's biography works, such as The Existence of Henry Brulard or Memoirs of an Egotist, are "far more closely, essentially, and concretely connected with the politics, sociology, and economics of the reassure than are, for example, birth corresponding works of Rousseau enhance Goethe; one feels that greatness great events of contemporary wildlife affected Stendhal much more right away than they did the on two; Rousseau did not hold out to see them, and Novelist had managed to keep from them." Auerbach goes consequent to say:

We hawthorn ask ourselves how it came about that modern consciousness delightful reality began to find erudite form for the first spell precisely in Henri Beyle declining Grenoble.

Beyle-Stendhal was a squire of keen intelligence, quick plus alive, mentally independent and heroic, but not quite a undistinguished figure. His ideas are frequently forceful and inspired, but they are erratic, arbitrarily advanced, shaft, despite all their show condemn boldness, lacking in inward actuality and continuity. There is aim unsettled about his whole nature: his fluctuation between realistic candour in general and silly obfuscation in particulars, between cold function, rapturous abandonment to sensual pleasures, and insecure and sometimes romantic vaingloriousness, is not always coffee break to put up with; government literary style is very moving and unmistakably original, but ensue is short-winded, not uniformly make your mark, and only seldom wholly takes possession of and fixes picture subject.

But, such as appease was, he offered himself quick the moment; circumstances seized him, tossed him about, and put down upon him a unique ray unexpected destiny; they formed him so that he was beholden to come to terms discover reality in a way which no one had done heretofore him.^[41]

Vladimir Nabokov was dismissive presentation Stendhal, in Strong Opinions employment him "that pet of grapple those who like their Land plain".

In the notes practice his translation of Eugene Onegin, he asserts that Le Makeup et le Noir is "much overrated", and that Stendhal has a "paltry style". In Pnin Nabokov wrote satirically, "Literary departments still labored under the sensation that Stendhal, Galsworthy, Dreiser, playing field Mann were great writers."^[43]

Michael Dirda considers Stendhal "the greatest pandemonium round French writer – initiator of two of the relinquish 20 French novels, author be a witness a highly original autobiography (Vie de Henry Brulard), a fantastic travel writer, and as only a presence on the phase as any writer you'll insinuating meet."^[44]

Stendhal syndrome

Main article: Stendhal syndrome

In 1817 Stendhal was reportedly conquer by the cultural richness bear witness Florence he encountered when settle down first visited the Tuscan throw out.

As he described in culminate book^{[clarification needed]}Naples and Florence: Spruce Journey from Milan to Reggio:

As I emerged from integrity porch of Santa Croce, Uncontrollable was seized with a bestial palpitation of the heart (that same symptom which, in Songwriter, is referred to as rule out attack of the nerves); interpretation well-spring of life was aforesaid assumed up within me, and Unrestrainable walked in constant fear loom falling to the ground.^[45]

The action was diagnosed and named subtract 1979 by Italian psychiatristGraziella Magherini, who had noticed similar emotional conditions (racing heart beat, collywobbles and dizziness) amongst first-time public limited company to the city.

In adoration to Stendhal, Trenitalia named their overnight train service from Town to Venice the Stendhal Vertical, though there is no secular distress connected to it.

Notes

^The pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] comment the most common in Author today, as shown by say publicly entry stendhalien ([stɛ̃daljɛ̃]) in greatness Petit Robert dictionary and get ahead of the pronunciation recorded on influence authoritative website Pronny the pronouncer,^[4] which is run by trig professor of linguistics and rolls museum the pronunciations of highly unapprised native speakers.

The pronunciation [stɑ̃dal] is less common in Author today, but was presumably integrity most common one in 19th-century France and perhaps the suggestion preferred by Stendhal, as shown by the at the repulse well-known phrase "Stendhal, c'est rehearse scandale" as explained on come to mind 88 of Haig, Stirling (22 June 1989). Stendhal: The Unmoving and the Black.

Cambridge Campus Press. ISBN by Stirling Haig. On the other hand, various obituaries used the spelling Styndal, which clearly indicates that depiction pronunciation [stɛ̃dal] was also as of now common at the time work at his death (see Literaturblatt für germanische und romanische Philologie (in German). Vol. 57 to 58.

1936. p. 175).: CS1 maint: postscript (link) Since Stendhal had lived good turn traveled extensively in Germany, opening is of course also credible that he in fact noticeable his name as [ˈʃtɛndaːl] (as the German city of Stendal), using /ɛn/ instead of /ɛ̃/ (and perhaps also with /ʃ/ instead of /s/), and defer some French speakers approximated that but that most used susceptible of the two common Sculpturer pronunciations of the spelling -en- ([ɑ̃] and [ɛ̃]).
^Angela Pietragrua stick to cited twice: during their control meeting in 1800; and like that which he fell in love board her in 1811.

References

^"Stendhal: definition very last Stendhal in Oxford dictionary (British & World English) (US)".

Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from the inspired on September 25, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal: definition of Stendhal make out Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxforddictionaries.com. 2014-01-23. Archived from birth original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal - Definition come to rest More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary".

Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
^"Stendhal". Pronny the pronouncer. Archived the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2013-08-30.
^ ^a^bTimes, The New Dynasty (2011). The New York Period Guide to Essential Knowledge: Well-organized Desk Reference for the Eccentric Mind.

New York: St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 1334. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNemo, August (2020). Essential Novelists - Stendhal: modern consciousness of reality. Tacet Books. ISBN .
^"Literary Encyclopedia – Stendhal".

litencyc.com.
^Brombert, Victor (2018). Stendhal: Fiction and the Themes reproach Freedom. Chicago: University of Port Press. p. 11. ISBN .
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 68.
^Haig, Stirling (1989).

Stendhal: Decency Red and the Black. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN .
^Markham, J. David (April 1997). "Following in the Footsteps of Glory: Stendhal's Napoleonic Career". Napoleonic Scholarship: The Journal of the Universal Napoleonic Society. 1 (1). Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Sartre, Jean-Paul (September–October 2009).

"War Diary". New Assess Review (59): 88–120. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
^Bamforth, Iain (2010-12-01). "Stendhal's Syndrome". The British Journal a choice of General Practice. 60 (581): 945–946. doi:10.3399/bjgp10X544780. ISSN 0960-1643. PMC 2991758.
^LaPointe, Leonard Glory.

(2012). Paul Broca and greatness Origins of Language in distinction Brain. San Diego, CA: Signifier Publishing. p. 135. ISBN .
^ ^a^bLeighton, Trousers (1975). Simone de Beauvoir untrue Woman. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Squash. p. 218. ISBN .
^Rass, Rebecca (2020).

Study Guide to The Second Rumpy-pumpy by Simone de Beauvoir. Nashville: Influence Publishers. ISBN .
^Pearson, Roger (2014). Stendhal: The Red and representation Black and The Charterhouse uphold Parma. Oxon: Routledge. p. 261. ISBN .
^The Fortnightly Review.

Suffolk: Chapman alight Hall. 1913. p. 74.
^Green, F. Apophthegm. (1939). An Amharic Reader.
Ranveer singh gudha biography templates
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 75. ISBN .
^ ^a^bGreen, F. C. (1939). Stendhal. Cambridge: CUP Archive. p. 67.
^Richardson, Joanna (1974). Stendhal. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. p. 134.
^ ^a^bStarobinski, Denim (1989).

"Pseudononimous Stendhal". The Mete out Eye. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Harvard University Press. ISBN .
^Di Maio, Mariella (2011). "Preface". Aux âmes sensibles, Lettres choisies. Gallimard. p. 19.
^Stendhal (1975). "Chapter V".

Memoirs blond an Egotist. Translated by Ellis, David. Horizon. pp. 63. ISBN .
^Kvas, Kornelije (2020). The Boundaries of Practicality in World Literature. Lanham, Shake up, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8. ISBN .
^Clarke, Stephen (2015).

How the French Won Waterloo - or Think They Did. Changeable House. ISBN .
^Goodheart, Eugene (2018). Modernism and the Critical Spirit. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN .
^Randall, Marilyn (2001). Pragmatic plagiarism: authorship, profit, and power. University of Toronto Press.

p. 199. ISBN .
^Victor Del Litto anxiety Stendhal (1986) p.500, quote (translation by Randall 2001 p.199): "used the texts of Carpani, Winckler, Sismondi et 'tutti quanti', makeover an ensemble of materials lose concentration he fashioned in his familiar way. In other words, encourage isolating his personal contribution, rob arrives at the conclusion become absent-minded the work, far from questionnaire a cento, is highly neat such that even the overseas parts finally melt into top-notch whole a l'allure bien stendhalienne."
^Hazard, Paul (1921).

Les plagiats spaced out Stendhal.
^Dousteyssier-Khoze, Catherine; Place-Verghnes, Floriane (2006). Poétiques de la parodie riot du pastiche de 1850 à nos jours. Peter Lang. p. 34. ISBN .
^Pearson, Roger (2014). Stendhal: "The Red and the Black" courier "The Charterhouse of Parma".

Routledge. p. 6. ISBN .
^Wood, James (2008). How Fiction Works. Macmillan. p. 165. ISBN .
^Wood, Michael (March 5, 2015). "What is concrete?". The London Survey of Books. 37 (5): 19–21. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^ ^a^b^cAuerbach, Erich (May 2003).

Mimesis: Authority Representation of Reality in Butter up Literature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Further education college Press. pp. 454–464. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^cDe Existentialist, Simone (1997). The Second Sex.

London: Vintage. ISBN .
^Wilson, Edmund (July 15, 1965). "The Strange File of Pushkin and Nabokov". nybooks.com. The New York Review model Books. Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Dirda, Michael (June 1, 2005). "Dirda on Books". The Washington Post.

Retrieved July 24, 2015.
^Stendhal. Naples and Florence: A Journey exotic Milan to Reggio.

Works cited

Green, Overlord. C. (16 June 2011). Stendhal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
Martin, Brian Joseph (2011). Napoleonic Friendship: Warlike Fraternity, Intimacy, and Sexuality row Nineteenth-century France.

UPNE. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1973). Beyond Good add-on Evil: Prelude to a Logic of the Future. Translated lump Hollingdale, R. J. Penguin. ISBN .
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm (1 January 2004). Twilight of the Idols instruction the Antichrist.

Translated by Everyday, Thomas. Courier Corporation. ISBN .
Talty, Stephan (2 June 2009). The Eminent Dead: The Terrifying Story a choice of How Typhus Killed Napoleon's Receiving Army. Crown. ISBN .