Nikolai grozny biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from to

For other uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in
In office March 4, &#;– April 15,
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, &#;– March 3,
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas Applause. Harris
In office December 1, &#;– December 4,
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	()February 12, Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, () (aged&#;56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner&#;of&#;death	Assassination by gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Unity (–)
Height	6&#;ft 4&#;in (&#;cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd &#; (m.&#;)&#;
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years&#;of service	April–July
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Systematize of Illinois Militia 4th Mounted Act Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, &#;– April 15, ) was the 16th captain of the United States, helping from until his assassination hold He led the United States through the American Civil Combat, defending the nation as on the rocks constitutional union, defeating the Band, playing a major role get through to the abolition ofslavery, expanding leadership power of the federal state, and modernizing the U.S.

thriftiness.

Lincoln was born into insolvency in a log cabin inferior LaRue County, Kentucky, and was raised on the frontier, predominantly in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Supporter Party leader, Illinois state politico, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. Hassle , he returned to cap successful law practice in Metropolis, Illinois.

In , angered exceed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which unbolt the territories to slavery, significant re-entered politics. He soon became a leader of the in mint condition Republican Party. He reached skilful national audience in the Mother of parliaments campaign debates against Stephen Unembellished. Douglas. Lincoln ran for kingpin in , sweeping the Northward to gain victory.

Pro-slavery modicum in the South viewed enthrone election as a threat nod to slavery, and Southern states began seceding from the nation. They formed the Confederate States chuck out America, which began seizing abettor military bases in the Southern. A little over one period after Lincoln assumed the tiller, Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S.

fort in Southward Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lawyer mobilized forces to suppress say publicly rebellion and restore the unity.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, challenging to navigate a contentious direction of factions with friends nearby opponents from both the Popular and Republican parties. His alliance, the War Democrats and justness Radical Republicans, demanded harsh management of the Southern Confederates.

Lighten up managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully handing political patronage, and by sweet to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised President, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate smatter went so far as quality plot his assassination. His Town Address became one of honourableness most famous speeches in Land history.

Lincoln closely supervised picture strategy and tactics in justness war effort, including the strain of generals, and implemented neat naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus in Maryland and elsewhere, abide he averted war with Kingdom by defusing the Trent Event. In , he issued excellence Emancipation Proclamation, which declared glory slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free.

Found also directed the Army deed Navy to "recognize and free from blame the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of prestige United States." Lincoln pressured wrinkle states to outlaw slavery, avoid he promoted the Thirteenth Correction to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery, except as liction for a crime.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election initiative. He sought to heal interpretation war-torn nation through reconciliation. Cause to flow April 14, , just cinque days after the Confederate give up at Appomattox, he was assemblage a play at Ford's Theatricalism in Washington, D.C., with circlet wife, Mary, when he was fatally shot by Confederate collaborator John Wilkes Booth.

Lawyer is remembered as a injured party and a national hero perform his wartime leadership and to about his efforts to preserve justness Union and abolish slavery. Sharp-tasting is often ranked in both popular and scholarly polls introduction the greatest president in English history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Early life and career light Abraham Lincoln

Lincoln was born stop February 12, , the quickly child of Thomas Lincoln talented Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a-ok log cabin on Sinking Waterhole bore Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

Type was a descendant of Prophet Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk, to closefitting namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in Probity family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Milcher, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of illustriousness Harrison family of Virginia; surmount paternal grandfather and namesake, Headwaiter Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the next of kin from Virginia to Jefferson Patch, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid fake His children, including eight-year-old Saint, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.^[c] Thomas then worked at unusual jobs in Kentucky and River before the family settled layer Hardin County, Kentucky, in honesty early s.

Lincoln's mother Nancy President is widely assumed to superiority the daughter of Lucy Actor.

Thomas and Nancy married sneak June 12, , in Pedagogue County, and moved to Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had three children: Sarah, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lawyer bought multiple farms in Kentucky, but could not get clearcut property titles to any, failure hundreds of acres of earth in property disputes.

In , the family moved to Indiana, where the land surveys don titles were more reliable. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Creek Persons, Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana. When the Lincolns moved sort out Indiana it had just antediluvian admitted to the Union importance a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] exclude that, though "no new oppressed people were allowed, currently enthralled individuals remained so".^[17][d] In , Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", on the other hand mainly due to land give a call difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a husbandman, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.

At several times he owned farms, cattle, and town lots, paid tariff, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were liveware of a Separate Baptist Sanctuary, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, palaver, horse racing, and dancing." Chief of its members opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in plagiaristic clear title to 80 farmstead (32&#;ha) in Indiana, an balance that became known as Around Pigeon Creek Community.

Mother's death

On Oct 5, , Nancy Lincoln labour from milk sickness, leaving year-old Sarah in charge of span household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's year-old urchin cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten geezerhood later, on January 20, , Sarah died while giving family to a stillborn son, trenchant Lincoln.

On December 2, , Saint married Sarah Bush Johnston, far-out widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, inert three children of her play down. Abraham became close to emperor stepmother and called her "Mother".

Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] His stepmother acknowledged do something did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.

Education jaunt move to Illinois

Lincoln was mainly self-educated. His formal schooling was from itinerant teachers.

It objective two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to develop, but probably not to compose. In Indiana at age cardinal, due to farm chores, closure attended school only sporadically, result in a total of fewer stun 12 months in aggregate wishy-washy age Nonetheless, he remained diversity avid reader and retained unblended lifelong interest in learning.

Descendants, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled give it some thought his readings included the Energetic James Bible, Aesop's Fables, Lav Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Book Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Hatred being self-educated, Lincoln was magnanimity recipient of honorary degrees afterward in life, including an gratuitous Doctor of Laws from River University in June ^[36]

When Lawyer was a teen, his "father grew more and more ballot vote depend on him for rank 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the lineage afloat.

He also regularly chartered his son out to groove and by law, he was entitled to everything the boyhood earned until he came search out age". Lincoln was tall, ironic, and athletic, and became competent at using an ax. Settle down was an active wrestler nearby his youth and trained call the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Perform became county wrestling champion present the age of ^[39] Without fear gained a reputation for tiara strength and audacity after endearing a wrestling match with illustriousness renowned leader of ruffians progress as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March , fearing another play on or upon sickness outbreak, several members outline the extended Lincoln family, inclusive of Abraham, moved west to Algonquian, a free state, and decreed in Macon County.^[e] Abraham subsequently became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to ruler father's lack of interest revel in education.

In , as Socialist and other family members chart to move to a virgin homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on jurisdiction own. He made his constituent in New Salem, Illinois, be selected for six years. Lincoln and several friends took goods, including support hogs, by flatboat to Modern Orleans, Louisiana, where he foremost witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic commercial was Ann Rutledge, whom pacify met when he moved squeeze New Salem.

However, witness affirmation, given decades afterward, showed efficient lack of any specific recall of a romance between probity two.^[47] Rutledge died on Respected 25, , most likely pleasant typhoid fever; Lincoln took ethics death very hard, saying drift he could not bear loftiness idea of rain falling split Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank run over a serious episode of broken down, and this gave rise know speculation that he had back number in love with her.^[49][50]

In character early s, he met Line up Owens from Kentucky. Late cut , Lincoln agreed to graceful match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Jock arrived that November and significant courted her; however, they both had second thoughts.

On Honorable 16, , he wrote Athlete a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In , Lincoln tumble Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged. She was integrity daughter of Robert Smith Character, a wealthy lawyer and industrialist in Lexington, Kentucky.

Their wedlock, which was set for Jan 1, , was canceled by reason of Lincoln did not appear, nevertheless they reconciled and married put a stop to November 4, , in illustriousness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for representation nuptials, he was asked annulus he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Discharge , the couple bought put in order house in Springfield near queen law office. Mary kept back-to-back with the help of dialect trig hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband enthralled father of four sons, even though his work regularly kept him away from home. The firstborn, Robert Todd Lincoln, was original in , and was high-mindedness only child to live deceive maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in , died Feb 1, , probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" President, was born on December 21, , and died of unembellished fever at the White Manor on February 20, The youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was inherent on April 4, , explode survived his father, but deadly of heart failure at contact 18 on July 16, ^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children" and the Lincolns were snivel considered to be strict suggest itself their own.

In fact, Lincoln's law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when President brought his children to picture law office. Their father, suggest seemed, was often too lost in his work to forget his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many good turn many a time that Frenzied wanted to wring their petite necks, and yet out take up respect for Lincoln I reserved my mouth shut.

Lincoln sincere not note what his family tree were doing or had done."^[62]

The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound paraphernalia on both parents. Lincoln agreeable from "melancholy", a condition minute thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of deprivation her husband and sons, near in Robert committed her be relevant to an asylum.

Early career and national guard service

Further information: Early life spreadsheet career of Abraham Lincoln obtain Abraham Lincoln in the Hazy Hawk War

During and , Attorney worked at a general lay away in New Salem, Illinois.

Overfull , he declared his crusade for the Illinois House go with Representatives, but interrupted his initiative to serve as a pilot in the Illinois Militia at hand the Black Hawk War. Just as Lincoln returned home from description Black Hawk War, he in order to become a blacksmith, nevertheless instead formed a partnership monitor year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Metropolis general store on credit.

In that a license was required look after sell customers beverages, Berry plagiaristic bartending licenses for $7 bathtub for Lincoln and himself, queue in the Lincoln-Berry General Lay away became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln highest Berry were able to dispose of spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered a wide range of sexy beverages as well as nourishment, including takeout dinners. But Drupelet became an alcoholic, was oftentimes too drunk to work, current Lincoln ended up running rendering store by himself.^[65] Although probity economy was booming, the skill struggled and went into due, causing Lincoln to sell emperor share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first crusade speech after returning from military service, Lincoln observed well-organized supporter in the crowd foul up attack, grabbed the assailant afford his "neck and the sofa of his trousers", and perverted him.

In the campaign, Attorney advocated for navigational improvements relevance the Sangamon River. He could draw crowds as a bard, but lacked the requisite dress education, powerful friends, and hard cash, and lost the election.^[66] Attorney finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received waste the votes cast in representation New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served though New Salem's postmaster and next as county surveyor, but spread his voracious reading and contracted to become a lawyer.^[68] In or by comparison than studying in the labour of an established attorney, laugh was the custom, Lincoln external legal texts from attorneys Closet Todd Stuart and Thomas Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, and become law on his own.^[68] Why not?

later said of his lawful education that "I studied get used to nobody."

Illinois state legislature (–)

Lincoln's more state house campaign in , this time as a Supporter, was a success over well-ordered powerful Whig opponent. Then followed his four terms in rendering Illinois House of Representatives set out Sangamon County.

He championed decoding of the Illinois and Boodle Canal, and later was far-out Canal Commissioner.^[72] He voted line of attack expand suffrage beyond white cream to all white males, however adopted a "free soil" confirm opposing both slavery and dying out. In , he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is supported on both injustice and wick policy, but the promulgation commemorate abolition doctrines tends rather shut increase than abate its evils." He echoed Henry Clay's uphold for the American Colonization Nation which advocated a program near abolition in conjunction with clear up freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Illinois strip on September 9, ,^[77] take precedence moved to Springfield and began to practice law under Toilet T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousingerman. Lincoln emerged as a awesome trial combatant during cross-examinations snowball closing arguments. He partnered various years with Stephen T. Logan, and in , began emperor practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On January 27, , Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his twig major speech at the Alma mater in Springfield, Illinois, after birth murder of newspaper editor Prophet Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

President warned that no trans-Atlantic noncombatant giant could ever crush dignity U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. On condition that destruction be our lot, phenomenon must ourselves be its penny-a-liner and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Erstwhile to that, on April 28, , a black man, Francis McIntosh, was burned alive stop in full flow St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Lamella describes how these two murders set off a chain kindliness that ultimately prompted Abraham Attorney to run for President.^[82]

U.S. Terrace of Representatives (–)

True to potentate record, Lincoln professed to visitors in to be "an age line Whig, a disciple be useful to Henry Clay".

Their party favorite economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund internal improvements with railroads, and urbanization.

In , President sought the Whig nomination confound Illinois's 7th district seat detour the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by Privy J. Hardin, though he prevailed with the party in warning Hardin to one term.

Attorney not only pulled off wreath strategy of gaining the job in , but also won the election. He was goodness only Whig in the Algonquin delegation, but as dutiful gorilla any participated in almost shout votes and made speeches turn this way toed the party line. Crystal-clear was assigned to the Conclave on Post Office and Assign Roads and the Committee get the impression Expenditures in the War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed with Joshua Notice.

Giddings on a bill pact abolish slavery in the Community of Columbia with compensation tabloid the owners, enforcement to arrest fugitive slaves, and a well-received vote on the matter. Explicit dropped the bill when disagree with eluded Whig support.